terminal/doc/cascadia/Json-Utility-API.md

New Json Utility API

Raw value conversion (GetValue)

GetValue is a convenience helper that will either read a value into existing storage (type-deduced) or return a JSON value coerced into the specified type.

When reading into existing storage, it returns a boolean indicating whether that storage was modified.

If the JSON value cannot be converted to the specified type, an exception will be generated.

std::string one;
std::optional<std::string> two;

JsonUtils::GetValue(json, one);
// one is populated or unchanged.

JsonUtils::GetValue(json, two);
// two is populated, nullopt or unchanged

auto three = JsonUtils::GetValue<std::string>(json);
// three is populated or zero-initialized

auto four = JsonUtils::GetValue<std::optional<std::string>>(json);
// four is populated or nullopt

Key lookup (GetValueForKey)

GetValueForKey follows the same rules as GetValue, but takes an additional key. It is assumed that the JSON value passed to GetValueForKey is of object type.

std::string one;
std::optional<std::string> two;

JsonUtils::GetValueForKey(json, "firstKey", one);
// one is populated or unchanged.

JsonUtils::GetValueForKey(json, "secondKey", two);
// two is populated, nullopt or unchanged

auto three = JsonUtils::GetValueForKey<std::string>(json, "thirdKey");
// three is populated or zero-initialized

auto four = JsonUtils::GetValueForKey<std::optional<std::string>>(json, "fourthKey");
// four is populated or nullopt

Rationale: Value-Returning Getters

JsonUtils provides two types of GetValue...: value-returning and reference-filling.

The reference-filling fixtures use type deduction so that a developer does not need to specify template parameters on every GetValue call. It excels at populating class members during deserialization.

The value-returning fixtures, on the other hand, are very useful for partial deserialization and key detection when you do not need to deserialize an entire instance of a class or you need to reason about the presence of members.

To provide a concrete example of the latter, consider:

if (const auto guid{ GetValueForKey<std::optional<GUID>>(json, "guid") }) 
    // This condition is only true if there was a "guid" member in the provided JSON object.
    // It can be accessed through *guid.
}

If you are...	Use
Deserializing	GetValue(..., storage)
Interrogating	storage = GetValue<T>(...)

Converting User-Defined Types

All conversions are done using specializations of JsonUtils::ConversionTrait<T>. To implement a converter for a user-defined type, you must implement a specialization of JsonUtils::ConversionTrait<T>.

Every specialization over T must implement static T FromJson(const Json::Value&) and static bool CanConvert(const Json::Value&).

struct MyCustomType { int val; };

template<>
struct ConversionTrait<MyCustomType>
{
    // This trait converts a string of the format "[0-9]" to a value of type MyCustomType.

    static MyCustomType FromJson(const Json::Value& json)
    {
        return MyCustomType{ json.asString()[0] - '0' };
    }

    static bool CanConvert(const Json::Value& json)
    {
        return json.isString();
    }
};

Converting User-Defined Enumerations

Enumeration types represent a single choice out of multiple options.

In a JSON data model, they are typically represented as strings.

For parsing enumerations, JsonUtils provides the JSON_ENUM_MAPPER macro. It can be used to establish a converter that will take a set of known strings and convert them to values.

JSON_ENUM_MAPPER(CursorStyle)
{
    // pair_type is provided by ENUM_MAPPER.
    JSON_MAPPINGS(5) = {
        pair_type{ "bar", CursorStyle::Bar },
        pair_type{ "vintage", CursorStyle::Vintage },
        pair_type{ "underscore", CursorStyle::Underscore },
        pair_type{ "filledBox", CursorStyle::FilledBox },
        pair_type{ "emptyBox", CursorStyle::EmptyBox }
    };
};

If the enum mapper fails to convert the provided string, it will throw an exception.

Converting User-Defined Flag Sets

Flags represent a multiple-choice selection. They are typically implemented as enums with bitfield values intended to be ORed together.

In JSON, a set of flags may be represented by a single string ("flagName") or an array of strings (["flagOne", "flagTwo"]).

JsonUtils provides a JSON_FLAG_MAPPER macro that can be used to produce a specialization for a set of flags.

Given the following flag enum,

enum class JsonTestFlags : int
{
    FlagOne = 1 << 0,
    FlagTwo = 1 << 1
};

You can register a flag mapper with the JSON_FLAG_MAPPER macro as follows:

JSON_FLAG_MAPPER(JsonTestFlags)
{
    JSON_MAPPINGS(2) = {
        pair_type{ "flagOne", JsonTestFlags::FlagOne },
        pair_type{ "flagTwo", JsonTestFlags::FlagTwo },
    };
};

The FLAG_MAPPER also provides two convenience definitions, AllSet and AllClear, that can be used to represent "all choices" and "no choices" respectively.

JSON_FLAG_MAPPER(JsonTestFlags)
{
    JSON_MAPPINGS(4) = {
        pair_type{ "never", AllClear },
        pair_type{ "flagOne", JsonTestFlags::FlagOne },
        pair_type{ "flagTwo", JsonTestFlags::FlagTwo },
        pair_type{ "always", AllSet },
    };
};

Because flag values are additive, ["always", "flagOne"] will result in the same behavior as "always".

If the flag mapper encounters an unknown flag, it will throw an exception.

If the flag mapper encounters a logical discontinuity such as ["never", "flagOne"] (as in the above example), it will throw an exception.

Advanced Use

GetValue and GetValueForKey can be passed, as their final arguments, any value whose type implements the same interface as ConversionTrait<T>--that is, FromJson(const Json::Value&) and CanConvert(const Json::Value&).

This allows for one-off conversions without a specialization of ConversionTrait or even stateful converters.

Stateful Converter Sample

struct MultiplyingConverter {
    int BaseValue;

    bool CanConvert(const Json::Value&) { return true; }

    int FromJson(const Json::Value& value)
    {
        return value.asInt() * BaseValue;
    }
};

...

Json::Value json{ 66 }; // A JSON value containing the number 66
MultiplyingConverter conv{ 10 };

auto v = JsonUtils::GetValue<int>(json, conv);
// v is equal to 660.

Behavior Chart

GetValue(T&) (type-deducing)

-	json type invalid	json null	valid
T	❌ exception	🔵 unchanged	✔ converted
std::optional<T>	❌ exception	🟨 nullopt	✔ converted

GetValue<T>() (returning)

-	json type invalid	json null	valid
T	❌ exception	🟨 T{} (zero value)	✔ converted
std::optional<T>	❌ exception	🟨 nullopt	✔ converted

GetValueForKey(T&) (type-deducing)

GetValueForKey builds on the behavior set from GetValue by adding a "key not found" state. The remaining three cases are the same.

val type	key not found	json type invalid	json null	valid
T	🔵 unchanged	❌ exception	🔵 unchanged	✔ converted
std::optional<T>	🔵 unchanged	❌ exception	🟨 nullopt	✔ converted

GetValueForKey<T>() (return value)

val type	key not found	json type invalid	json null	valid
T	🟨 T{} (zero value)	❌ exception	🟨 T{} (zero value)	✔ converted
std::optional<T>	🟨 nullopt	❌ exception	🟨 nullopt	✔ converted

Future Direction

These converters lend themselves very well to automatic serialization.