Multiple fixes to address DD CodeQL requirements (#18451)

After taking in 1.22, our CodeQL process caught a few locations where we
weren't following the right guidance:
- Performing integer comparisons of different sizes which could lead to
an infinite loop if the larger integer goes out of range of the smaller
integer
- Not checking HResult of a called method

Co-authored-by: aphistra <102989060+aphistra@users.noreply.github.com>

src/buffer/out/Row.cpp

@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ OutputCellIterator ROW::WriteCells(OutputCellIterator it, const til::CoordType c
     THROW_HR_IF(E_INVALIDARG, limitRight.value_or(0) >= size());
 
     // If we're given a right-side column limit, use it. Otherwise, the write limit is the final column index available in the char row.
-    const auto finalColumnInRow = limitRight.value_or(size() - 1);
+    const auto finalColumnInRow = gsl::narrow_cast<uint16_t>(limitRight.value_or(size() - 1));
 
     auto currentColor = it->TextAttr();
     uint16_t colorUses = 0;

src/renderer/gdi/paint.cpp

@@ -574,7 +574,8 @@ try
         }
 
         const auto cpt = gsl::narrow_cast<DWORD>(points.size());
-        return PolyBezier(_hdcMemoryContext, points.data(), cpt);
+        RETURN_HR_IF(E_FAIL, !PolyBezier(_hdcMemoryContext, points.data(), cpt));
+        return S_OK;
     };
 
     if (lines.test(GridLines::Left))

src/terminal/adapter/SixelParser.cpp

@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ void SixelParser::_updateTextColors()
     // the text output as well.
     if (_conformanceLevel <= 3 && _maxColors > 2 && _colorTableChanged) [[unlikely]]
     {
-        for (IndexType tableIndex = 0; tableIndex < _maxColors; tableIndex++)
+        for (IndexType tableIndex = 0; _maxColors <= 16 && tableIndex < _maxColors; tableIndex++)
         {
             _dispatcher.SetColorTableEntry(tableIndex, _colorFromIndex(tableIndex));
         }

src/terminal/adapter/charsets.hpp

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace Microsoft::Console::VirtualTerminal
     public:
         constexpr CharSet(const std::initializer_list<std::pair<wchar_t, wchar_t>> replacements)
         {
-            for (auto i = L'\0'; i < _translationTable.size(); i++)
+            for (auto i = L'\0'; i < gsl::narrow_cast<wchar_t>(_translationTable.size()); i++)
                 _translationTable.at(i) = BaseChar + i;
             for (auto replacement : replacements)
                 _translationTable.at(replacement.first - BaseChar) = replacement.second;