diff --git a/src/compiler/checker.ts b/src/compiler/checker.ts
index c95eeb18287..69e904183e6 100644
--- a/src/compiler/checker.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/checker.ts
@@ -37440,14 +37440,19 @@ export function createTypeChecker(host: TypeCheckerHost): TypeChecker {
                     // Refining "x: boolean" to "x is true" or "x is false" isn't useful.
                     return;
                 }
-                const trueType = checkIfExpressionRefinesParameter(expr, param, initType);
+                const trueType = checkIfExpressionRefinesParameter(expr, param, initType, /*forceFullCheck*/ false);
                 if (trueType) {
-                    return [i, trueType];
+                    // A type predicate would be valid if the function were called with param of type initType.
+                    // The predicate must also be valid for all subtypes of initType. In particular, it must be valid when called with param of type trueType.
+                    const trueSubtype = checkIfExpressionRefinesParameter(expr, param, trueType, /*forceFullCheck*/ true);
+                    if (trueSubtype) {
+                        return [i, trueType];
+                    }
                 }
             });
         }
 
-        function checkIfExpressionRefinesParameter(expr: Expression, param: ParameterDeclaration, initType: Type): Type | undefined {
+        function checkIfExpressionRefinesParameter(expr: Expression, param: ParameterDeclaration, initType: Type, forceFullCheck: boolean): Type | undefined {
             const antecedent = (expr as Expression & { flowNode?: FlowNode; }).flowNode ?? { flags: FlowFlags.Start };
             const trueCondition: FlowCondition = {
                 flags: FlowFlags.TrueCondition,
@@ -37456,7 +37461,7 @@ export function createTypeChecker(host: TypeCheckerHost): TypeChecker {
             };
 
             const trueType = getFlowTypeOfReference(param.name, initType, initType, func, trueCondition);
-            if (trueType === initType) return undefined;
+            if (trueType === initType && !forceFullCheck) return undefined;
 
             // "x is T" means that x is T if and only if it returns true. If it returns false then x is not T.
             // However, TS may not be able to represent "not T", in which case we can be more lax.
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.errors.txt b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.errors.txt
index ae38684f9f9..b170897623e 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.errors.txt
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.errors.txt
@@ -254,4 +254,25 @@ inferTypePredicates.ts(205,7): error TS2741: Property 'z' is missing in type 'C1
     function doNotRefineDestructuredParam({x, y}: {x: number | null, y: number}) {
       return typeof x === 'number';
     }
+    
+    // The type predicate must remain valid when the function is called with subtypes.
+    function isShortString(x: unknown) {
+      return typeof x === "string" && x.length < 10;
+    }
+    
+    declare let str: string;
+    if (isShortString(str)) {
+      str.charAt(0);  // should ok
+    } else {
+      str.charAt(0);  // should ok
+    }
+    
+    function isStringFromUnknown(x: unknown) {
+      return typeof x === "string";
+    }
+    if (isStringFromUnknown(str)) {
+      str.charAt(0);  // should OK
+    } else {
+      let t: never = str;  // should OK
+    }
     
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.js b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.js
index 0f4b992740c..d8ebad0a117 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.js
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.js
@@ -211,6 +211,27 @@ if (c.isC2()) {
 function doNotRefineDestructuredParam({x, y}: {x: number | null, y: number}) {
   return typeof x === 'number';
 }
+
+// The type predicate must remain valid when the function is called with subtypes.
+function isShortString(x: unknown) {
+  return typeof x === "string" && x.length < 10;
+}
+
+declare let str: string;
+if (isShortString(str)) {
+  str.charAt(0);  // should ok
+} else {
+  str.charAt(0);  // should ok
+}
+
+function isStringFromUnknown(x: unknown) {
+  return typeof x === "string";
+}
+if (isStringFromUnknown(str)) {
+  str.charAt(0);  // should OK
+} else {
+  let t: never = str;  // should OK
+}
 
 
 //// [inferTypePredicates.js]
@@ -403,3 +424,22 @@ function doNotRefineDestructuredParam(_a) {
     var x = _a.x, y = _a.y;
     return typeof x === 'number';
 }
+// The type predicate must remain valid when the function is called with subtypes.
+function isShortString(x) {
+    return typeof x === "string" && x.length < 10;
+}
+if (isShortString(str)) {
+    str.charAt(0); // should ok
+}
+else {
+    str.charAt(0); // should ok
+}
+function isStringFromUnknown(x) {
+    return typeof x === "string";
+}
+if (isStringFromUnknown(str)) {
+    str.charAt(0); // should OK
+}
+else {
+    var t = str; // should OK
+}
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.symbols b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.symbols
index cd633ff145c..778ac6a6d3d 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.symbols
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.symbols
@@ -606,3 +606,56 @@ function doNotRefineDestructuredParam({x, y}: {x: number | null, y: number}) {
 >x : Symbol(x, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 207, 39))
 }
 
+// The type predicate must remain valid when the function is called with subtypes.
+function isShortString(x: unknown) {
+>isShortString : Symbol(isShortString, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 209, 1))
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 212, 23))
+
+  return typeof x === "string" && x.length < 10;
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 212, 23))
+>x.length : Symbol(String.length, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 212, 23))
+>length : Symbol(String.length, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+}
+
+declare let str: string;
+>str : Symbol(str, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 216, 11))
+
+if (isShortString(str)) {
+>isShortString : Symbol(isShortString, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 209, 1))
+>str : Symbol(str, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 216, 11))
+
+  str.charAt(0);  // should ok
+>str.charAt : Symbol(String.charAt, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+>str : Symbol(str, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 216, 11))
+>charAt : Symbol(String.charAt, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+
+} else {
+  str.charAt(0);  // should ok
+>str.charAt : Symbol(String.charAt, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+>str : Symbol(str, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 216, 11))
+>charAt : Symbol(String.charAt, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+}
+
+function isStringFromUnknown(x: unknown) {
+>isStringFromUnknown : Symbol(isStringFromUnknown, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 221, 1))
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 223, 29))
+
+  return typeof x === "string";
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 223, 29))
+}
+if (isStringFromUnknown(str)) {
+>isStringFromUnknown : Symbol(isStringFromUnknown, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 221, 1))
+>str : Symbol(str, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 216, 11))
+
+  str.charAt(0);  // should OK
+>str.charAt : Symbol(String.charAt, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+>str : Symbol(str, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 216, 11))
+>charAt : Symbol(String.charAt, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+
+} else {
+  let t: never = str;  // should OK
+>t : Symbol(t, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 229, 5))
+>str : Symbol(str, Decl(inferTypePredicates.ts, 216, 11))
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.types b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.types
index 8764f712cba..7d90fb1f0b4 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.types
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTypePredicates.types
@@ -784,3 +784,73 @@ function doNotRefineDestructuredParam({x, y}: {x: number | null, y: number}) {
 >'number' : "number"
 }
 
+// The type predicate must remain valid when the function is called with subtypes.
+function isShortString(x: unknown) {
+>isShortString : (x: unknown) => boolean
+>x : unknown
+
+  return typeof x === "string" && x.length < 10;
+>typeof x === "string" && x.length < 10 : boolean
+>typeof x === "string" : boolean
+>typeof x : "string" | "number" | "bigint" | "boolean" | "symbol" | "undefined" | "object" | "function"
+>x : unknown
+>"string" : "string"
+>x.length < 10 : boolean
+>x.length : number
+>x : string
+>length : number
+>10 : 10
+}
+
+declare let str: string;
+>str : string
+
+if (isShortString(str)) {
+>isShortString(str) : boolean
+>isShortString : (x: unknown) => boolean
+>str : string
+
+  str.charAt(0);  // should ok
+>str.charAt(0) : string
+>str.charAt : (pos: number) => string
+>str : string
+>charAt : (pos: number) => string
+>0 : 0
+
+} else {
+  str.charAt(0);  // should ok
+>str.charAt(0) : string
+>str.charAt : (pos: number) => string
+>str : string
+>charAt : (pos: number) => string
+>0 : 0
+}
+
+function isStringFromUnknown(x: unknown) {
+>isStringFromUnknown : (x: unknown) => x is string
+>x : unknown
+
+  return typeof x === "string";
+>typeof x === "string" : boolean
+>typeof x : "string" | "number" | "bigint" | "boolean" | "symbol" | "undefined" | "object" | "function"
+>x : unknown
+>"string" : "string"
+}
+if (isStringFromUnknown(str)) {
+>isStringFromUnknown(str) : boolean
+>isStringFromUnknown : (x: unknown) => x is string
+>str : string
+
+  str.charAt(0);  // should OK
+>str.charAt(0) : string
+>str.charAt : (pos: number) => string
+>str : string
+>charAt : (pos: number) => string
+>0 : 0
+
+} else {
+  let t: never = str;  // should OK
+>t : never
+>str : never
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/cases/compiler/inferTypePredicates.ts b/tests/cases/compiler/inferTypePredicates.ts
index a4ca8136abd..519701c9d6b 100644
--- a/tests/cases/compiler/inferTypePredicates.ts
+++ b/tests/cases/compiler/inferTypePredicates.ts
@@ -209,3 +209,33 @@ if (c.isC2()) {
 function doNotRefineDestructuredParam({x, y}: {x: number | null, y: number}) {
   return typeof x === 'number';
 }
+
+// The type predicate must remain valid when the function is called with subtypes.
+function isShortString(x: unknown) {
+  return typeof x === "string" && x.length < 10;
+}
+
+declare let str: string;
+if (isShortString(str)) {
+  str.charAt(0);  // should ok
+} else {
+  str.charAt(0);  // should ok
+}
+
+function isStringFromUnknown(x: unknown) {
+  return typeof x === "string";
+}
+if (isStringFromUnknown(str)) {
+  str.charAt(0);  // should OK
+} else {
+  let t: never = str;  // should OK
+}
+
+// infer a union type
+function isNumOrStr(x: unknown) {
+  return (typeof x === "number" || typeof x === "string");
+}
+declare let unk: unknown;
+if (isNumOrStr(unk)) {
+  let t: number | string = unk;  // should ok
+}