diff --git a/t/.gitattributes b/t/.gitattributes
index b9cea1795d..7664c6e027 100644
--- a/t/.gitattributes
+++ b/t/.gitattributes
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 t[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]/* -whitespace
-/chainlint/*.expect eol=lf
+/chainlint/*.expect eol=lf -whitespace
 /t0110/url-* binary
 /t3206/* eol=lf
 /t3900/*.txt eol=lf
diff --git a/t/Makefile b/t/Makefile
index b2eb9f770b..4c30e7c06f 100644
--- a/t/Makefile
+++ b/t/Makefile
@@ -108,20 +108,8 @@ clean-chainlint:
 
 check-chainlint:
 	@mkdir -p '$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)' && \
-	for i in $(CHAINLINTTESTS); do \
-		echo "test_expect_success '$$i' '" && \
-		sed -e '/^# LINT: /d' chainlint/$$i.test && \
-		echo "'"; \
-	done >'$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/tests && \
-	{ \
-		echo "# chainlint: $(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)/tests" && \
-		for i in $(CHAINLINTTESTS); do \
-			echo "# chainlint: $$i" && \
-			cat chainlint/$$i.expect; \
-		done \
-	} >'$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/expect && \
-	$(CHAINLINT) --emit-all '$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/tests | \
-		sed -e 's/^[1-9][0-9]* //' >'$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/actual && \
+	'$(PERL_PATH_SQ)' chainlint-cat.pl '$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)' $(CHAINLINTTESTS) && \
+	{ $(CHAINLINT) --emit-all '$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/tests >'$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/actual || true; } && \
 	diff -u '$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/expect '$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/actual
 
 test-lint: test-lint-duplicates test-lint-executable test-lint-shell-syntax \
diff --git a/t/README b/t/README
index ea620de17e..724ee58195 100644
--- a/t/README
+++ b/t/README
@@ -882,6 +882,14 @@ see test-lib-functions.sh for the full list and their options.
 	    'git-write-tree should be able to write an empty tree.' \
 	    'tree=$(git-write-tree)'
 
+   If <script> is `-` (a single dash), then the script to run is read
+   from stdin. This lets you more easily use single quotes within the
+   script by using a here-doc. For example:
+
+	test_expect_success 'output contains expected string' - <<\EOT
+		grep "this string has 'quotes' in it" output
+	EOT
+
    If you supply three parameters the first will be taken to be a
    prerequisite; see the test_set_prereq and test_have_prereq
    documentation below:
diff --git a/t/chainlint-cat.pl b/t/chainlint-cat.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..388f6e1e41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/chainlint-cat.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env perl
+
+my $outdir = shift;
+open(my $tests, '>', "$outdir/tests")
+	or die "unable to open $outdir/tests: $!";
+open(my $expect, '>', "$outdir/expect")
+	or die "unable to open $outdir/expect: $!";
+
+print $expect "# chainlint: $outdir/tests\n";
+
+my $offset = 0;
+for my $script (@ARGV) {
+	print $expect "# chainlint: $script\n";
+
+	open(my $expect_in, '<', "chainlint/$script.expect")
+		or die "unable to open chainlint/$script.expect: $!";
+	while (<$expect_in>) {
+		s/^\d+/$& + $offset/e;
+		print $expect $_;
+	}
+
+	open(my $test_in, '<', "chainlint/$script.test")
+		or die "unable to open chainlint/$script.test: $!";
+	while (<$test_in>) {
+		/^# LINT: / and next;
+		print $tests $_;
+		$offset++;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/t/chainlint.pl b/t/chainlint.pl
index 1bbd985b78..5361f23b1d 100755
--- a/t/chainlint.pl
+++ b/t/chainlint.pl
@@ -174,6 +174,10 @@ sub swallow_heredocs {
 		$$b =~ /(?:\G|\n)$indent\Q$$tag[0]\E(?:\n|\z)/gc;
 		if (pos($$b) > $start) {
 			my $body = substr($$b, $start, pos($$b) - $start);
+			$self->{parser}->{heredocs}->{$$tag[0]} = {
+				content => substr($body, 0, length($body) - length($&)),
+				start_line => $self->{lineno},
+		        };
 			$self->{lineno} += () = $body =~ /\n/sg;
 			next;
 		}
@@ -232,7 +236,8 @@ sub new {
 	my $self = bless {
 		buff => [],
 		stop => [],
-		output => []
+		output => [],
+		heredocs => {},
 	} => $class;
 	$self->{lexer} = Lexer->new($self, $s);
 	return $self;
@@ -616,14 +621,21 @@ sub unwrap {
 
 sub check_test {
 	my $self = shift @_;
-	my ($title, $body) = map(unwrap, @_);
+	my $title = unwrap(shift @_);
+	my $body = shift @_;
+	my $lineno = $body->[3];
+	$body = unwrap($body);
+	if ($body eq '-') {
+		my $herebody = shift @_;
+		$body = $herebody->{content};
+		$lineno = $herebody->{start_line};
+	}
 	$self->{ntests}++;
 	my $parser = TestParser->new(\$body);
 	my @tokens = $parser->parse();
 	my $problems = $parser->{problems};
 	return unless $emit_all || @$problems;
 	my $c = main::fd_colors(1);
-	my $lineno = $_[1]->[3];
 	my $start = 0;
 	my $checked = '';
 	for (sort {$a->[1]->[2] <=> $b->[1]->[2]} @$problems) {
@@ -649,8 +661,13 @@ sub parse_cmd {
 	return @tokens unless @tokens && $tokens[0]->[0] =~ /^test_expect_(?:success|failure)$/;
 	my $n = $#tokens;
 	$n-- while $n >= 0 && $tokens[$n]->[0] =~ /^(?:[;&\n|]|&&|\|\|)$/;
-	$self->check_test($tokens[1], $tokens[2]) if $n == 2; # title body
-	$self->check_test($tokens[2], $tokens[3]) if $n > 2;  # prereq title body
+	my $herebody;
+	if ($n >= 2 && $tokens[$n-1]->[0] eq '-' && $tokens[$n]->[0] =~ /^<<-?(.+)$/) {
+		$herebody = $self->{heredocs}->{$1};
+		$n--;
+	}
+	$self->check_test($tokens[1], $tokens[2], $herebody) if $n == 2; # title body
+	$self->check_test($tokens[2], $tokens[3], $herebody) if $n > 2;  # prereq title body
 	return @tokens;
 }
 
@@ -762,7 +779,7 @@ sub check_script {
 	while (my $path = $next_script->()) {
 		$nscripts++;
 		my $fh;
-		unless (open($fh, "<", $path)) {
+		unless (open($fh, "<:unix:crlf", $path)) {
 			$emit->("?!ERR?! $path: $!\n");
 			next;
 		}
@@ -806,8 +823,10 @@ unless (@scripts) {
 	show_stats($start_time, \@stats) if $show_stats;
 	exit;
 }
+$jobs = @scripts if @scripts < $jobs;
 
-unless ($Config{useithreads} && eval {
+unless ($jobs > 1 &&
+	$Config{useithreads} && eval {
 	require threads; threads->import();
 	require Thread::Queue; Thread::Queue->import();
 	1;
diff --git a/t/chainlint/arithmetic-expansion.expect b/t/chainlint/arithmetic-expansion.expect
index 46ee1046af..338ecd5861 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/arithmetic-expansion.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/arithmetic-expansion.expect
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-(
-	foo &&
-	bar=$((42 + 1)) &&
-	baz
-) &&
-(
-	bar=$((42 + 1)) ?!AMP?!
-	baz
-)
+2 (
+3 	foo &&
+4 	bar=$((42 + 1)) &&
+5 	baz
+6 ) &&
+7 (
+8 	bar=$((42 + 1)) ?!AMP?!
+9 	baz
+10 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/arithmetic-expansion.test b/t/chainlint/arithmetic-expansion.test
index 16206960d8..7b4c5c9a41 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/arithmetic-expansion.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/arithmetic-expansion.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'arithmetic-expansion' '
 (
 	foo &&
 # LINT: closing ")" of $((...)) not misinterpreted as subshell-closing ")"
@@ -9,3 +10,4 @@
 	bar=$((42 + 1))
 	baz
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/bash-array.expect b/t/chainlint/bash-array.expect
index 4c34eaee45..435dc8bdc8 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/bash-array.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/bash-array.expect
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-(
-	foo &&
-	bar=(gumbo stumbo wumbo) &&
-	baz
-) &&
-(
-	foo &&
-	bar=${#bar[@]} &&
-	baz
-)
+2 (
+3 	foo &&
+4 	bar=(gumbo stumbo wumbo) &&
+5 	baz
+6 ) &&
+7 (
+8 	foo &&
+9 	bar=${#bar[@]} &&
+10 	baz
+11 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/bash-array.test b/t/chainlint/bash-array.test
index 92bbb777b8..4ca977d299 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/bash-array.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/bash-array.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'bash-array' '
 (
 	foo &&
 # LINT: ")" in Bash array assignment not misinterpreted as subshell-closing ")"
@@ -10,3 +11,4 @@
 	bar=${#bar[@]} &&
 	baz
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/blank-line-before-esac.expect b/t/chainlint/blank-line-before-esac.expect
index 056e03003d..b88ba919eb 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/blank-line-before-esac.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/blank-line-before-esac.expect
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-test_done () {
-	case "$test_failure" in
-	0)
-		test_at_end_hook_
-
-		exit 0 ;;
-
-	*)
-		if test $test_external_has_tap -eq 0
-		then
-			say_color error "# failed $test_failure among $msg"
-			say "1..$test_count"
-		fi
-
-		exit 1 ;;
-
-	esac
-}
+2 test_done () {
+3 	case "$test_failure" in
+4 	0)
+5 		test_at_end_hook_
+6 
+7 		exit 0 ;;
+8 
+9 	*)
+10 		if test $test_external_has_tap -eq 0
+11 		then
+12 			say_color error "# failed $test_failure among $msg"
+13 			say "1..$test_count"
+14 		fi
+15 
+16 		exit 1 ;;
+17 
+18 	esac
+19 }
diff --git a/t/chainlint/blank-line-before-esac.test b/t/chainlint/blank-line-before-esac.test
index cecccad19f..51f02ea0c5 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/blank-line-before-esac.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/blank-line-before-esac.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'blank-line-before-esac' '
 # LINT: blank line before "esac"
 test_done () {
 	case "$test_failure" in
@@ -17,3 +18,4 @@ test_done () {
 
 	esac
 }
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/blank-line.expect b/t/chainlint/blank-line.expect
index b47827d749..6ae39dd174 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/blank-line.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/blank-line.expect
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-(
-
-	nothing &&
-
-	something
-
-
-)
+2 (
+3 
+4 	nothing &&
+5 
+6 	something
+7 
+8 
+9 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/blank-line.test b/t/chainlint/blank-line.test
index 0fdf15b3e1..6f29a491de 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/blank-line.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/blank-line.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'blank-line' '
 (
 
 	nothing &&
@@ -8,3 +9,4 @@
 
 
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/block-comment.expect b/t/chainlint/block-comment.expect
index df2beea888..7926936c18 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/block-comment.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/block-comment.expect
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-(
-	{
-		# show a
-		echo a &&
-		# show b
-		echo b
-	}
-)
+2 (
+3 	{
+4 		# show a
+5 		echo a &&
+6 		# show b
+7 		echo b
+8 	}
+9 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/block-comment.test b/t/chainlint/block-comment.test
index df2beea888..934ef4113a 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/block-comment.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/block-comment.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'block-comment' '
 (
 	{
 		# show a
@@ -6,3 +7,4 @@
 		echo b
 	}
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/block.expect b/t/chainlint/block.expect
index 1c87326364..b62e3d58c3 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/block.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/block.expect
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
-(
-	foo &&
-	{
-		echo a ?!AMP?!
-		echo b
-	} &&
-	bar &&
-	{
-		echo c
-	} ?!AMP?!
-	baz
-) &&
-
-{
-	echo a; ?!AMP?! echo b
-} &&
-{ echo a; ?!AMP?! echo b; } &&
-
-{
-	echo "${var}9" &&
-	echo "done"
-} &&
-finis
+2 (
+3 	foo &&
+4 	{
+5 		echo a ?!AMP?!
+6 		echo b
+7 	} &&
+8 	bar &&
+9 	{
+10 		echo c
+11 	} ?!AMP?!
+12 	baz
+13 ) &&
+14 
+15 {
+16 	echo a; ?!AMP?! echo b
+17 } &&
+18 { echo a; ?!AMP?! echo b; } &&
+19 
+20 {
+21 	echo "${var}9" &&
+22 	echo "done"
+23 } &&
+24 finis
diff --git a/t/chainlint/block.test b/t/chainlint/block.test
index 4ab69a4afc..a1b6b4dd32 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/block.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/block.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'block' '
 (
 # LINT: missing "&&" after first "echo"
 	foo &&
@@ -25,3 +26,4 @@
 	echo "done"
 } &&
 finis
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/broken-chain.expect b/t/chainlint/broken-chain.expect
index cfb58fb6b9..9a1838736f 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/broken-chain.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/broken-chain.expect
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-(
-	foo &&
-	bar ?!AMP?!
-	baz &&
-	wop
-)
+2 (
+3 	foo &&
+4 	bar ?!AMP?!
+5 	baz &&
+6 	wop
+7 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/broken-chain.test b/t/chainlint/broken-chain.test
index 2a44aa73b7..1966499ef9 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/broken-chain.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/broken-chain.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'broken-chain' '
 (
 	foo &&
 # LINT: missing "&&" from "bar"
@@ -6,3 +7,4 @@
 # LINT: final statement before closing ")" legitimately lacks "&&"
 	wop
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/case-comment.expect b/t/chainlint/case-comment.expect
index 641c157b98..2442dd5f25 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/case-comment.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/case-comment.expect
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-(
-	case "$x" in
-	# found foo
-	x) foo ;;
-	# found other
-	*)
-		# treat it as bar
-		bar
-		;;
-	esac
-)
+2 (
+3 	case "$x" in
+4 	# found foo
+5 	x) foo ;;
+6 	# found other
+7 	*)
+8 		# treat it as bar
+9 		bar
+10 		;;
+11 	esac
+12 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/case-comment.test b/t/chainlint/case-comment.test
index 641c157b98..3f31ae9010 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/case-comment.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/case-comment.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'case-comment' '
 (
 	case "$x" in
 	# found foo
@@ -9,3 +10,4 @@
 		;;
 	esac
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/case.expect b/t/chainlint/case.expect
index 31f280d8ce..c04c61ff36 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/case.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/case.expect
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-(
-	case "$x" in
-	x) foo ;;
-	*) bar ;;
-	esac &&
-	foobar
-) &&
-(
-	case "$x" in
-	x) foo ;;
-	*) bar ;;
-	esac ?!AMP?!
-	foobar
-) &&
-(
-	case "$x" in 1) true;; esac &&
-	case "$y" in 2) false;; esac ?!AMP?!
-	foobar
-)
+2 (
+3 	case "$x" in
+4 	x) foo ;;
+5 	*) bar ;;
+6 	esac &&
+7 	foobar
+8 ) &&
+9 (
+10 	case "$x" in
+11 	x) foo ;;
+12 	*) bar ;;
+13 	esac ?!AMP?!
+14 	foobar
+15 ) &&
+16 (
+17 	case "$x" in 1) true;; esac &&
+18 	case "$y" in 2) false;; esac ?!AMP?!
+19 	foobar
+20 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/case.test b/t/chainlint/case.test
index 4cb086bf87..bea21fee4f 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/case.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/case.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'case' '
 (
 # LINT: "...)" arms in "case" not misinterpreted as subshell-closing ")"
 	case "$x" in
@@ -21,3 +22,4 @@
 	case "$y" in 2) false;; esac
 	foobar
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chain-break-background.expect b/t/chainlint/chain-break-background.expect
index 20d0bb5333..d06deadae7 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chain-break-background.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/chain-break-background.expect
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-JGIT_DAEMON_PID= &&
-git init --bare empty.git &&
->empty.git/git-daemon-export-ok &&
-mkfifo jgit_daemon_output &&
-{
-	jgit daemon --port="$JGIT_DAEMON_PORT" . >jgit_daemon_output &
-	JGIT_DAEMON_PID=$!
-} &&
-test_expect_code 2 git ls-remote --exit-code git://localhost:$JGIT_DAEMON_PORT/empty.git
+2 JGIT_DAEMON_PID= &&
+3 git init --bare empty.git &&
+4 >empty.git/git-daemon-export-ok &&
+5 mkfifo jgit_daemon_output &&
+6 {
+7 	jgit daemon --port="$JGIT_DAEMON_PORT" . >jgit_daemon_output &
+8 	JGIT_DAEMON_PID=$!
+9 } &&
+10 test_expect_code 2 git ls-remote --exit-code git://localhost:$JGIT_DAEMON_PORT/empty.git
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chain-break-background.test b/t/chainlint/chain-break-background.test
index e10f656b05..c68e1b04d5 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chain-break-background.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/chain-break-background.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'chain-break-background' '
 JGIT_DAEMON_PID= &&
 git init --bare empty.git &&
 >empty.git/git-daemon-export-ok &&
@@ -8,3 +9,4 @@ mkfifo jgit_daemon_output &&
 	JGIT_DAEMON_PID=$!
 } &&
 test_expect_code 2 git ls-remote --exit-code git://localhost:$JGIT_DAEMON_PORT/empty.git
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chain-break-continue.expect b/t/chainlint/chain-break-continue.expect
index 47a3457710..4bb60aae25 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chain-break-continue.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/chain-break-continue.expect
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-git ls-tree --name-only -r refs/notes/many_notes |
-while read path
-do
-	test "$path" = "foobar/non-note.txt" && continue
-	test "$path" = "deadbeef" && continue
-	test "$path" = "de/adbeef" && continue
-
-	if test $(expr length "$path") -ne $hexsz
-	then
-		return 1
-	fi
-done
+2 git ls-tree --name-only -r refs/notes/many_notes |
+3 while read path
+4 do
+5 	test "$path" = "foobar/non-note.txt" && continue
+6 	test "$path" = "deadbeef" && continue
+7 	test "$path" = "de/adbeef" && continue
+8 
+9 	if test $(expr length "$path") -ne $hexsz
+10 	then
+11 		return 1
+12 	fi
+13 done
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chain-break-continue.test b/t/chainlint/chain-break-continue.test
index f0af71d8bd..de8119b204 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chain-break-continue.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/chain-break-continue.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'chain-break-continue' '
 git ls-tree --name-only -r refs/notes/many_notes |
 while read path
 do
@@ -11,3 +12,4 @@ do
 		return 1
 	fi
 done
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chain-break-false.expect b/t/chainlint/chain-break-false.expect
index 989766fb85..4f815f8e14 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chain-break-false.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/chain-break-false.expect
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-if condition not satisified
-then
-	echo it did not work...
-	echo failed!
-	false
-else
-	echo it went okay ?!AMP?!
-	congratulate user
-fi
+2 if condition not satisified
+3 then
+4 	echo it did not work...
+5 	echo failed!
+6 	false
+7 else
+8 	echo it went okay ?!AMP?!
+9 	congratulate user
+10 fi
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chain-break-false.test b/t/chainlint/chain-break-false.test
index a5aaff8c8a..f78ad911fc 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chain-break-false.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/chain-break-false.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'chain-break-false' '
 # LINT: broken &&-chain okay if explicit "false" signals failure
 if condition not satisified
 then
@@ -8,3 +9,4 @@ else
 	echo it went okay
 	congratulate user
 fi
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chain-break-return-exit.expect b/t/chainlint/chain-break-return-exit.expect
index 4cd18e2edf..ba0ec51aa0 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chain-break-return-exit.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/chain-break-return-exit.expect
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-case "$(git ls-files)" in
-one) echo pass one ;;
-*) echo bad one; return 1 ;;
-esac &&
-(
-	case "$(git ls-files)" in
-	two) echo pass two ;;
-	*) echo bad two; exit 1 ;;
-	esac
-) &&
-case "$(git ls-files)" in
-dir/two"$LF"one) echo pass both ;;
-*) echo bad; return 1 ;;
-esac &&
-
-for i in 1 2 3 4 ; do
-	git checkout main -b $i || return $?
-	test_commit $i $i $i tag$i || return $?
-done
+2 case "$(git ls-files)" in
+3 one) echo pass one ;;
+4 *) echo bad one; return 1 ;;
+5 esac &&
+6 (
+7 	case "$(git ls-files)" in
+8 	two) echo pass two ;;
+9 	*) echo bad two; exit 1 ;;
+10 	esac
+11 ) &&
+12 case "$(git ls-files)" in
+13 dir/two"$LF"one) echo pass both ;;
+14 *) echo bad; return 1 ;;
+15 esac &&
+16 
+17 for i in 1 2 3 4 ; do
+18 	git checkout main -b $i || return $?
+19 	test_commit $i $i $i tag$i || return $?
+20 done
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chain-break-return-exit.test b/t/chainlint/chain-break-return-exit.test
index 46542edf88..b6f519bb4d 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chain-break-return-exit.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/chain-break-return-exit.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'chain-break-return-exit' '
 case "$(git ls-files)" in
 one) echo pass one ;;
 # LINT: broken &&-chain okay if explicit "return 1" signals failuire
@@ -21,3 +22,4 @@ for i in 1 2 3 4 ; do
 	git checkout main -b $i || return $?
 	test_commit $i $i $i tag$i || return $?
 done
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chain-break-status.expect b/t/chainlint/chain-break-status.expect
index e6b3b2193e..23c0caa7d8 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chain-break-status.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/chain-break-status.expect
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-OUT=$( ((large_git; echo $? 1>&3) | :) 3>&1 ) &&
-test_match_signal 13 "$OUT" &&
-
-{ test-tool sigchain >actual; ret=$?; } &&
-{
-	test_match_signal 15 "$ret" ||
-	test "$ret" = 3
-} &&
-test_cmp expect actual
+2 OUT=$( ((large_git; echo $? 1>&3) | :) 3>&1 ) &&
+3 test_match_signal 13 "$OUT" &&
+4 
+5 { test-tool sigchain >actual; ret=$?; } &&
+6 {
+7 	test_match_signal 15 "$ret" ||
+8 	test "$ret" = 3
+9 } &&
+10 test_cmp expect actual
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chain-break-status.test b/t/chainlint/chain-break-status.test
index a6602a7b99..d9fee190d9 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chain-break-status.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/chain-break-status.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'chain-break-status' '
 # LINT: broken &&-chain okay if next command handles "$?" explicitly
 OUT=$( ((large_git; echo $? 1>&3) | :) 3>&1 ) &&
 test_match_signal 13 "$OUT" &&
@@ -9,3 +10,4 @@ test_match_signal 13 "$OUT" &&
 	test "$ret" = 3
 } &&
 test_cmp expect actual
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chained-block.expect b/t/chainlint/chained-block.expect
index 574cdceb07..a546b714a6 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chained-block.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/chained-block.expect
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-echo nobody home && {
-	test the doohicky ?!AMP?!
-	right now
-} &&
-
-GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF=echo git diff | {
-	read path oldfile oldhex oldmode newfile newhex newmode &&
-	test "z$oh" = "z$oldhex"
-}
+2 echo nobody home && {
+3 	test the doohicky ?!AMP?!
+4 	right now
+5 } &&
+6 
+7 GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF=echo git diff | {
+8 	read path oldfile oldhex oldmode newfile newhex newmode &&
+9 	test "z$oh" = "z$oldhex"
+10 }
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chained-block.test b/t/chainlint/chained-block.test
index 86f81ece63..71ef1d0b7f 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chained-block.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/chained-block.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'chained-block' '
 # LINT: start of block chained to preceding command
 echo nobody home && {
 	test the doohicky
@@ -9,3 +10,4 @@ GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF=echo git diff | {
 	read path oldfile oldhex oldmode newfile newhex newmode &&
 	test "z$oh" = "z$oldhex"
 }
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chained-subshell.expect b/t/chainlint/chained-subshell.expect
index 83810ea7ec..f78b268291 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chained-subshell.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/chained-subshell.expect
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-mkdir sub && (
-	cd sub &&
-	foo the bar ?!AMP?!
-	nuff said
-) &&
-
-cut "-d " -f actual | (read s1 s2 s3 &&
-test -f $s1 ?!AMP?!
-test $(cat $s2) = tree2path1 &&
-test $(cat $s3) = tree3path1)
+2 mkdir sub && (
+3 	cd sub &&
+4 	foo the bar ?!AMP?!
+5 	nuff said
+6 ) &&
+7 
+8 cut "-d " -f actual | (read s1 s2 s3 &&
+9 test -f $s1 ?!AMP?!
+10 test $(cat $s2) = tree2path1 &&
+11 test $(cat $s3) = tree3path1)
diff --git a/t/chainlint/chained-subshell.test b/t/chainlint/chained-subshell.test
index 4ff6ddd8cb..1f11f65398 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/chained-subshell.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/chained-subshell.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'chained-subshell' '
 # LINT: start of subshell chained to preceding command
 mkdir sub && (
 	cd sub &&
@@ -11,3 +12,4 @@ test -f $s1
 test $(cat $s2) = tree2path1 &&
 # LINT: closing subshell ")" correctly detected on same line as "$(...)"
 test $(cat $s3) = tree3path1)
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/close-nested-and-parent-together.expect b/t/chainlint/close-nested-and-parent-together.expect
index 72d482f76d..4167e54a59 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/close-nested-and-parent-together.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/close-nested-and-parent-together.expect
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-(cd foo &&
-	(bar &&
-		baz))
+2 (cd foo &&
+3 	(bar &&
+4 		baz))
diff --git a/t/chainlint/close-nested-and-parent-together.test b/t/chainlint/close-nested-and-parent-together.test
index 72d482f76d..56b28b186b 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/close-nested-and-parent-together.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/close-nested-and-parent-together.test
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+test_expect_success 'close-nested-and-parent-together' '
 (cd foo &&
 	(bar &&
 		baz))
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/close-subshell.expect b/t/chainlint/close-subshell.expect
index 2192a2870a..a272cfe72e 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/close-subshell.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/close-subshell.expect
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
-(
-	foo
-) &&
-(
-	bar
-) >out &&
-(
-	baz
-) 2>err &&
-(
-	boo
-) <input &&
-(
-	bip
-) | wuzzle &&
-(
-	bop
-) | fazz \
-	fozz &&
-(
-	bup
-) |
-fuzzle &&
-(
-	yop
-)
+2 (
+3 	foo
+4 ) &&
+5 (
+6 	bar
+7 ) >out &&
+8 (
+9 	baz
+10 ) 2>err &&
+11 (
+12 	boo
+13 ) <input &&
+14 (
+15 	bip
+16 ) | wuzzle &&
+17 (
+18 	bop
+19 ) | fazz \
+20 	fozz &&
+21 (
+22 	bup
+23 ) |
+24 fuzzle &&
+25 (
+26 	yop
+27 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/close-subshell.test b/t/chainlint/close-subshell.test
index 508ca447fd..b99f80569d 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/close-subshell.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/close-subshell.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'close-subshell' '
 # LINT: closing ")" with various decorations ("&&", ">", "|", etc.)
 (
 	foo
@@ -25,3 +26,4 @@ fuzzle &&
 (
 	yop
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/command-substitution-subsubshell.expect b/t/chainlint/command-substitution-subsubshell.expect
index ec42f2c30c..f2a9312dc8 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/command-substitution-subsubshell.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/command-substitution-subsubshell.expect
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-OUT=$( ((large_git 1>&3) | :) 3>&1 ) &&
-test_match_signal 13 "$OUT"
+2 OUT=$( ((large_git 1>&3) | :) 3>&1 ) &&
+3 test_match_signal 13 "$OUT"
diff --git a/t/chainlint/command-substitution-subsubshell.test b/t/chainlint/command-substitution-subsubshell.test
index 321de2951c..4ea772d60a 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/command-substitution-subsubshell.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/command-substitution-subsubshell.test
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+test_expect_success 'command-substitution-subsubshell' '
 # LINT: subshell nested in subshell nested in command substitution
 OUT=$( ((large_git 1>&3) | :) 3>&1 ) &&
 test_match_signal 13 "$OUT"
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/command-substitution.expect b/t/chainlint/command-substitution.expect
index c72e4df9e7..5e31b36db6 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/command-substitution.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/command-substitution.expect
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-(
-	foo &&
-	bar=$(gobble) &&
-	baz
-) &&
-(
-	bar=$(gobble blocks) ?!AMP?!
-	baz
-)
+2 (
+3 	foo &&
+4 	bar=$(gobble) &&
+5 	baz
+6 ) &&
+7 (
+8 	bar=$(gobble blocks) ?!AMP?!
+9 	baz
+10 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/command-substitution.test b/t/chainlint/command-substitution.test
index 3bbb002a4c..494d671e80 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/command-substitution.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/command-substitution.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'command-substitution' '
 (
 	foo &&
 # LINT: closing ")" of $(...) not misinterpreted as subshell-closing ")"
@@ -9,3 +10,4 @@
 	bar=$(gobble blocks)
 	baz
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/comment.expect b/t/chainlint/comment.expect
index a68f1f9d7c..584098d6ba 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/comment.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/comment.expect
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-(
-	# comment 1
-	nothing &&
-	# comment 2
-	something
-	# comment 3
-	# comment 4
-)
+2 (
+3 	# comment 1
+4 	nothing &&
+5 	# comment 2
+6 	something
+7 	# comment 3
+8 	# comment 4
+9 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/comment.test b/t/chainlint/comment.test
index 113c0c466f..c488beac0d 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/comment.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/comment.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'comment' '
 (
 # LINT: swallow comment lines
 	# comment 1
@@ -9,3 +10,4 @@
 	# comment 3
 	# comment 4
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/complex-if-in-cuddled-loop.expect b/t/chainlint/complex-if-in-cuddled-loop.expect
index dac2d0fd1d..3a740103db 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/complex-if-in-cuddled-loop.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/complex-if-in-cuddled-loop.expect
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-(for i in a b c; do
-   if test "$(echo $(waffle bat))" = "eleventeen" &&
-     test "$x" = "$y"; then
-     :
-   else
-     echo >file
-   fi ?!LOOP?!
- done) &&
-test ! -f file
+2 (for i in a b c; do
+3    if test "$(echo $(waffle bat))" = "eleventeen" &&
+4      test "$x" = "$y"; then
+5      :
+6    else
+7      echo >file
+8    fi ?!LOOP?!
+9  done) &&
+10 test ! -f file
diff --git a/t/chainlint/complex-if-in-cuddled-loop.test b/t/chainlint/complex-if-in-cuddled-loop.test
index 5efeda58b2..f98ae4c42d 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/complex-if-in-cuddled-loop.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/complex-if-in-cuddled-loop.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'complex-if-in-cuddled-loop' '
 # LINT: "for" loop cuddled with "(" and ")" and nested "if" with complex
 # LINT: multi-line condition; indented with spaces, not tabs
 (for i in a b c; do
@@ -9,3 +10,4 @@
    fi
  done) &&
 test ! -f file
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/cuddled-if-then-else.expect b/t/chainlint/cuddled-if-then-else.expect
index 1d8ed58c49..72da8794cb 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/cuddled-if-then-else.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/cuddled-if-then-else.expect
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-(if test -z ""; then
-    echo empty
- else
-    echo bizzy
- fi) &&
-echo foobar
+2 (if test -z ""; then
+3     echo empty
+4  else
+5     echo bizzy
+6  fi) &&
+7 echo foobar
diff --git a/t/chainlint/cuddled-if-then-else.test b/t/chainlint/cuddled-if-then-else.test
index 7c53f4efe3..b1b42e1aac 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/cuddled-if-then-else.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/cuddled-if-then-else.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'cuddled-if-then-else' '
 # LINT: "if" cuddled with "(" and ")"; indented with spaces, not tabs
 (if test -z ""; then
     echo empty
@@ -5,3 +6,4 @@
     echo bizzy
  fi) &&
 echo foobar
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/cuddled-loop.expect b/t/chainlint/cuddled-loop.expect
index 9cf260708e..c38585c756 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/cuddled-loop.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/cuddled-loop.expect
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-( while read x
-  do foobar bop || exit 1
-  done <file ) &&
-outside subshell
+2 ( while read x
+3   do foobar bop || exit 1
+4   done <file ) &&
+5 outside subshell
diff --git a/t/chainlint/cuddled-loop.test b/t/chainlint/cuddled-loop.test
index 3c2a62f751..6fccb6ac22 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/cuddled-loop.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/cuddled-loop.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'cuddled-loop' '
 # LINT: "while" loop cuddled with "(" and ")", with embedded (allowed)
 # LINT: "|| exit {n}" to exit loop early, and using redirection "<" to feed
 # LINT: loop; indented with spaces, not tabs
@@ -5,3 +6,4 @@
   do foobar bop || exit 1
   done <file ) &&
 outside subshell
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/cuddled.expect b/t/chainlint/cuddled.expect
index c3e0be4047..b06d638311 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/cuddled.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/cuddled.expect
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-(cd foo &&
-	bar
-) &&
-
-(cd foo ?!AMP?!
-	bar
-) &&
-
-(
-	cd foo &&
-	bar) &&
-
-(cd foo &&
-	bar) &&
-
-(cd foo ?!AMP?!
-	bar)
+2 (cd foo &&
+3 	bar
+4 ) &&
+5 
+6 (cd foo ?!AMP?!
+7 	bar
+8 ) &&
+9 
+10 (
+11 	cd foo &&
+12 	bar) &&
+13 
+14 (cd foo &&
+15 	bar) &&
+16 
+17 (cd foo ?!AMP?!
+18 	bar)
diff --git a/t/chainlint/cuddled.test b/t/chainlint/cuddled.test
index 257b5b5eed..5a6ef7a4a6 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/cuddled.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/cuddled.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'cuddled' '
 # LINT: first subshell statement cuddled with opening "("
 (cd foo &&
 	bar
@@ -20,3 +21,4 @@
 # LINT: same with missing "&&"
 (cd foo
 	bar)
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.expect
index cd584a4357..48c04ecd58 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.expect
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-run_sub_test_lib_test_err run-inv-range-start \
-	"--run invalid range start" \
-	--run="a-5" <<-\EOF &&
-test_expect_success "passing test #1" "true"
-test_done
-EOF
-check_sub_test_lib_test_err run-inv-range-start \
-	<<-\EOF_OUT 3<<-EOF_ERR
-> FATAL: Unexpected exit with code 1
-EOF_OUT
-> error: --run: invalid non-numeric in range start: ${SQ}a-5${SQ}
-EOF_ERR
+2 run_sub_test_lib_test_err run-inv-range-start \
+3 	"--run invalid range start" \
+4 	--run="a-5" <<-\EOF &&
+5 test_expect_success "passing test #1" "true"
+6 test_done
+7 EOF
+8 check_sub_test_lib_test_err run-inv-range-start \
+9 	<<-\EOF_OUT 3<<-EOF_ERR
+10 > FATAL: Unexpected exit with code 1
+11 EOF_OUT
+12 > error: --run: invalid non-numeric in range start: ${SQ}a-5${SQ}
+13 EOF_ERR
diff --git a/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.test b/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.test
index cd584a4357..1b69b7a651 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'double-here-doc' '
 run_sub_test_lib_test_err run-inv-range-start \
 	"--run invalid range start" \
 	--run="a-5" <<-\EOF &&
@@ -10,3 +11,4 @@ check_sub_test_lib_test_err run-inv-range-start \
 EOF_OUT
 > error: --run: invalid non-numeric in range start: ${SQ}a-5${SQ}
 EOF_ERR
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/dqstring-line-splice.expect b/t/chainlint/dqstring-line-splice.expect
index 37eab80738..2ca1c92cd6 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/dqstring-line-splice.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/dqstring-line-splice.expect
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-
-echo 'fatal: reword option of --fixup is mutually exclusive with'	'--patch/--interactive/--all/--include/--only' >expect &&
-test_must_fail git commit --fixup=reword:HEAD~ $1 2>actual &&
-test_cmp expect actual
-
+2 
+3 echo 'fatal: reword option of --fixup is mutually exclusive with'	'--patch/--interactive/--all/--include/--only' >expect &&
+4 test_must_fail git commit --fixup=reword:HEAD~ $1 2>actual &&
+5 test_cmp expect actual
+6 
diff --git a/t/chainlint/dqstring-line-splice.test b/t/chainlint/dqstring-line-splice.test
index b40714439f..f6aa637be8 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/dqstring-line-splice.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/dqstring-line-splice.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'dqstring-line-splice' '
 # LINT: line-splice within DQ-string
 '"
 echo 'fatal: reword option of --fixup is mutually exclusive with'\
@@ -5,3 +6,4 @@ echo 'fatal: reword option of --fixup is mutually exclusive with'\
 test_must_fail git commit --fixup=reword:HEAD~ $1 2>actual &&
 test_cmp expect actual
 "'
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/dqstring-no-interpolate.expect b/t/chainlint/dqstring-no-interpolate.expect
index 087eda15e4..c9f75849c5 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/dqstring-no-interpolate.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/dqstring-no-interpolate.expect
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-grep "^ ! [rejected][ ]*$BRANCH -> $BRANCH (non-fast-forward)$" out &&
-
-grep "^\.git$" output.txt &&
-
-
-(
-	cd client$version &&
-	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=$version git fetch-pack --no-progress .. $(cat ../input)
-) >output &&
-	cut -d ' ' -f 2 <output | sort >actual &&
-	test_cmp expect actual
-
+2 grep "^ ! [rejected][ ]*$BRANCH -> $BRANCH (non-fast-forward)$" out &&
+3 
+4 grep "^\.git$" output.txt &&
+5 
+6 
+7 (
+8 	cd client$version &&
+9 	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=$version git fetch-pack --no-progress .. $(cat ../input)
+10 ) >output &&
+11 	cut -d ' ' -f 2 <output | sort >actual &&
+12 	test_cmp expect actual
+13 
diff --git a/t/chainlint/dqstring-no-interpolate.test b/t/chainlint/dqstring-no-interpolate.test
index d2f4219cbb..7ae079b558 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/dqstring-no-interpolate.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/dqstring-no-interpolate.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'dqstring-no-interpolate' '
 # LINT: regex dollar-sign eol anchor in double-quoted string not special
 grep "^ ! \[rejected\][ ]*$BRANCH -> $BRANCH (non-fast-forward)$" out &&
 
@@ -13,3 +14,4 @@ grep "^\\.git\$" output.txt &&
 	cut -d ' ' -f 2 <output | sort >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 "'
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.expect
index 8507721192..54b33f823a 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.expect
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-git ls-tree $tree path >current &&
-cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-EOF
-test_output
+2 git ls-tree $tree path >current &&
+3 cat >expected <<\EOF &&
+4 EOF
+5 test_output
diff --git a/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.test b/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.test
index 24fc165de3..8b7ab6eb5f 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.test
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+test_expect_success 'empty-here-doc' '
 git ls-tree $tree path >current &&
 # LINT: empty here-doc
 cat >expected <<\EOF &&
 EOF
 test_output
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/exclamation.expect b/t/chainlint/exclamation.expect
index 765a35bb4c..078744b61b 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/exclamation.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/exclamation.expect
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-if ! condition; then echo nope; else yep; fi &&
-test_prerequisite !MINGW &&
-mail uucp!address &&
-echo !whatever!
+2 if ! condition; then echo nope; else yep; fi &&
+3 test_prerequisite !MINGW &&
+4 mail uucp!address &&
+5 echo !whatever!
diff --git a/t/chainlint/exclamation.test b/t/chainlint/exclamation.test
index 323595b5bd..796de21b7c 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/exclamation.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/exclamation.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'exclamation' '
 # LINT: "! word" is two tokens
 if ! condition; then echo nope; else yep; fi &&
 # LINT: "!word" is single token, not two tokens "!" and "word"
@@ -6,3 +7,4 @@ test_prerequisite !MINGW &&
 mail uucp!address &&
 # LINT: "!word!" is single token, not three tokens "!", "word", and "!"
 echo !whatever!
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/exit-loop.expect b/t/chainlint/exit-loop.expect
index f76aa60466..407278094c 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/exit-loop.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/exit-loop.expect
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
-(
-	for i in a b c
-	do
-		foo || exit 1
-		bar &&
-		baz
-	done
-) &&
-(
-	while true
-	do
-		foo || exit 1
-		bar &&
-		baz
-	done
-) &&
-(
-	i=0 &&
-	while test $i -lt 10
-	do
-		echo $i || exit
-		i=$(($i + 1))
-	done
-)
+2 (
+3 	for i in a b c
+4 	do
+5 		foo || exit 1
+6 		bar &&
+7 		baz
+8 	done
+9 ) &&
+10 (
+11 	while true
+12 	do
+13 		foo || exit 1
+14 		bar &&
+15 		baz
+16 	done
+17 ) &&
+18 (
+19 	i=0 &&
+20 	while test $i -lt 10
+21 	do
+22 		echo $i || exit
+23 		i=$(($i + 1))
+24 	done
+25 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/exit-loop.test b/t/chainlint/exit-loop.test
index 2f038207e1..7e8b68b465 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/exit-loop.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/exit-loop.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'exit-loop' '
 (
 	for i in a b c
 	do
@@ -25,3 +26,4 @@
 		i=$(($i + 1))
 	done
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/exit-subshell.expect b/t/chainlint/exit-subshell.expect
index da80339f78..793db12453 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/exit-subshell.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/exit-subshell.expect
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-(
-	foo || exit 1
-	bar &&
-	baz
-)
+2 (
+3 	foo || exit 1
+4 	bar &&
+5 	baz
+6 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/exit-subshell.test b/t/chainlint/exit-subshell.test
index 4e6ab69b88..05dff55cd7 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/exit-subshell.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/exit-subshell.test
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+test_expect_success 'exit-subshell' '
 (
 # LINT: "|| exit {n}" valid subshell escape without hurting &&-chain
 	foo || exit 1
 	bar &&
 	baz
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/for-loop-abbreviated.expect b/t/chainlint/for-loop-abbreviated.expect
index 02c0d15cca..5574831976 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/for-loop-abbreviated.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/for-loop-abbreviated.expect
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-for it
-do
-	path=$(expr "$it" : ([^:]*)) &&
-	git update-index --add "$path" || exit
-done
+2 for it
+3 do
+4 	path=$(expr "$it" : ([^:]*)) &&
+5 	git update-index --add "$path" || exit
+6 done
diff --git a/t/chainlint/for-loop-abbreviated.test b/t/chainlint/for-loop-abbreviated.test
index 1084eccb89..1dd14f2a44 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/for-loop-abbreviated.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/for-loop-abbreviated.test
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+test_expect_success 'for-loop-abbreviated' '
 # LINT: for-loop lacking optional "in [word...]" before "do"
 for it
 do
 	path=$(expr "$it" : '\([^:]*\)') &&
 	git update-index --add "$path" || exit
 done
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/for-loop.expect b/t/chainlint/for-loop.expect
index d2237f1e38..908aeedf96 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/for-loop.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/for-loop.expect
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-(
-	for i in a b c
-	do
-		echo $i ?!AMP?!
-		cat <<-\EOF ?!LOOP?!
-		bar
-		EOF
-	done ?!AMP?!
-
-	for i in a b c; do
-		echo $i &&
-		cat $i ?!LOOP?!
-	done
-)
+2 (
+3 	for i in a b c
+4 	do
+5 		echo $i ?!AMP?!
+6 		cat <<-\EOF ?!LOOP?!
+7 		bar
+8 		EOF
+9 	done ?!AMP?!
+10 
+11 	for i in a b c; do
+12 		echo $i &&
+13 		cat $i ?!LOOP?!
+14 	done
+15 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/for-loop.test b/t/chainlint/for-loop.test
index 6cb3428158..6f2489eb19 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/for-loop.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/for-loop.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'for-loop' '
 (
 # LINT: "for", "do", "done" do not need "&&"
 	for i in a b c
@@ -17,3 +18,4 @@
 		cat $i
 	done
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/function.expect b/t/chainlint/function.expect
index dd7c997a3c..c226246b25 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/function.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/function.expect
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-sha1_file() {
-	echo "$*" | sed "s#..#.git/objects/&/#"
-} &&
-
-remove_object() {
-	file=$(sha1_file "$*") &&
-	test -e "$file" ?!AMP?!
-	rm -f "$file"
-} ?!AMP?!
-
-sha1_file arg && remove_object arg
+2 sha1_file() {
+3 	echo "$*" | sed "s#..#.git/objects/&/#"
+4 } &&
+5 
+6 remove_object() {
+7 	file=$(sha1_file "$*") &&
+8 	test -e "$file" ?!AMP?!
+9 	rm -f "$file"
+10 } ?!AMP?!
+11 
+12 sha1_file arg && remove_object arg
diff --git a/t/chainlint/function.test b/t/chainlint/function.test
index 5ee59562c9..763fcf3f87 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/function.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/function.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'function' '
 # LINT: "()" in function definition not mistaken for subshell
 sha1_file() {
 	echo "$*" | sed "s#..#.git/objects/&/#"
@@ -11,3 +12,4 @@ remove_object() {
 }
 
 sha1_file arg && remove_object arg
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-indent.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-indent.expect
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4323acc93d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-indent.expect
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+2 	echo "we should find this" ?!AMP?!
+3 	echo "even though our heredoc has its indent stripped"
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-indent.test b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-indent.test
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39ff970ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-indent.test
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'here-doc-body-indent' - <<-\EOT
+	echo "we should find this"
+	echo "even though our heredoc has its indent stripped"
+EOT
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-pathological.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-pathological.expect
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a93a1fa3aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-pathological.expect
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+2 	echo "outer here-doc does not allow indented end-tag" ?!AMP?!
+3 	cat >file <<-\EOF &&
+4 	but this inner here-doc
+5 	does allow indented EOF
+6 	EOF
+7 	echo "missing chain after" ?!AMP?!
+8 	echo "but this line is OK because it's the end"
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-pathological.test b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-pathological.test
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d2daa44f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body-pathological.test
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+test_expect_success 'here-doc-body-pathological' - <<\EOF
+	echo "outer here-doc does not allow indented end-tag"
+	cat >file <<-\EOF &&
+	but this inner here-doc
+	does allow indented EOF
+	EOF
+	echo "missing chain after"
+	echo "but this line is OK because it's the end"
+EOF
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-body.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body.expect
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddf1c412af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body.expect
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+2 	echo "missing chain before" ?!AMP?!
+3 	cat >file <<-\EOF &&
+4 	inside inner here-doc
+5 	these are not shell commands
+6 	EOF
+7 	echo "missing chain after" ?!AMP?!
+8 	echo "but this line is OK because it's the end"
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-body.test b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body.test
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..989ac2f4e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-body.test
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+test_expect_success 'here-doc-body' - <<\EOT
+	echo "missing chain before"
+	cat >file <<-\EOF &&
+	inside inner here-doc
+	these are not shell commands
+	EOF
+	echo "missing chain after"
+	echo "but this line is OK because it's the end"
+EOT
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.expect
index 7d9c2b5607..965813f463 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.expect
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-(
-	cat <<-\INPUT)
-	fizz
-	INPUT
+2 (
+3 	cat <<-\INPUT)
+4 	fizz
+5 	INPUT
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.test b/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.test
index b857ff5467..2458f3323b 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.test
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+test_expect_success 'here-doc-close-subshell' '
 (
 # LINT: line contains here-doc and closes nested subshell
 	cat <<-\INPUT)
 	fizz
 	INPUT
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-double.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-double.expect
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20dba4b452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-double.expect
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+8 	echo "actual test commands" ?!AMP?!
+9 	echo "that should be checked"
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-double.test b/t/chainlint/here-doc-double.test
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..777389f0d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-double.test
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# This is obviously a ridiculous thing to do, but we should be able
+# to handle two here-docs on the same line, and attribute them
+# correctly.
+test_expect_success "$(cat <<END_OF_PREREQS)" 'here-doc-double' - <<\EOT
+SOME
+PREREQS
+END_OF_PREREQS
+	echo "actual test commands"
+	echo "that should be checked"
+EOT
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.expect
index f92a7ce999..277a11202d 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.expect
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-cat >expect <<- EOF &&
-header: 43475048 1 $(test_oid oid_version) $NUM_CHUNKS 0
-num_commits: $1
-chunks: oid_fanout oid_lookup commit_metadata generation_data bloom_indexes bloom_data
-EOF
-
-cat >expect << -EOF ?!AMP?!
-this is not indented
--EOF
-
-cleanup
+2 cat >expect <<- EOF &&
+3 header: 43475048 1 $(test_oid oid_version) $NUM_CHUNKS 0
+4 num_commits: $1
+5 chunks: oid_fanout oid_lookup commit_metadata generation_data bloom_indexes bloom_data
+6 EOF
+7 
+8 cat >expect << -EOF ?!AMP?!
+9 this is not indented
+10 -EOF
+11 
+12 cleanup
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.test b/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.test
index c8a6f18eb4..a2656f47c1 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'here-doc-indent-operator' '
 # LINT: whitespace between operator "<<-" and tag legal
 cat >expect <<- EOF &&
 header: 43475048 1 $(test_oid oid_version) $NUM_CHUNKS 0
@@ -11,3 +12,4 @@ this is not indented
 -EOF
 
 cleanup
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.expect
index b7364c82c8..41b55f6437 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.expect
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-(
-	x=$(bobble <<-\END &&
-		fossil
-		vegetable
-		END
-		wiffle) ?!AMP?!
-	echo $x
-)
+2 (
+3 	x=$(bobble <<-\END &&
+4 		fossil
+5 		vegetable
+6 		END
+7 		wiffle) ?!AMP?!
+8 	echo $x
+9 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.test b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.test
index 899bc5de8b..8710a8c483 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'here-doc-multi-line-command-subst' '
 (
 # LINT: line contains here-doc and opens multi-line $(...)
 	x=$(bobble <<-\END &&
@@ -7,3 +8,4 @@
 		wiffle)
 	echo $x
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.expect
index 6c13bdcbfb..c71828589e 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.expect
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-(
-	cat <<-\TXT && echo "multi-line
-	string" ?!AMP?!
-	fizzle
-	TXT
-	bap
-)
+2 (
+3 	cat <<-\TXT && echo "multi-line
+4 	string" ?!AMP?!
+5 	fizzle
+6 	TXT
+7 	bap
+8 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.test b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.test
index a53edbcc8d..2f496002fd 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'here-doc-multi-line-string' '
 (
 # LINT: line contains here-doc and opens multi-line string
 	cat <<-\TXT && echo "multi-line
@@ -6,3 +7,4 @@
 	TXT
 	bap
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc.expect
index 91b961242a..2c382dd8eb 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc.expect
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-boodle wobba \
-       gorgo snoot \
-       wafta snurb <<EOF &&
-quoth the raven,
-nevermore...
-EOF
-
-cat <<-Arbitrary_Tag_42 >foo &&
-snoz
-boz
-woz
-Arbitrary_Tag_42
-
-cat <<"zump" >boo &&
-snoz
-boz
-woz
-zump
-
-horticulture <<\EOF
-gomez
-morticia
-wednesday
-pugsly
-EOF
+2 boodle wobba \
+3        gorgo snoot \
+4        wafta snurb <<EOF &&
+5 quoth the raven,
+6 nevermore...
+7 EOF
+8 
+9 cat <<-Arbitrary_Tag_42 >foo &&
+10 snoz
+11 boz
+12 woz
+13 Arbitrary_Tag_42
+14 
+15 cat <<"zump" >boo &&
+16 snoz
+17 boz
+18 woz
+19 zump
+20 
+21 horticulture <<\EOF
+22 gomez
+23 morticia
+24 wednesday
+25 pugsly
+26 EOF
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc.test b/t/chainlint/here-doc.test
index 3f5f92cad3..c91b695319 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'here-doc' '
 # LINT: stitch together incomplete \-ending lines
 # LINT: swallow here-doc to avoid false positives in content
 boodle wobba \
@@ -28,3 +29,4 @@ morticia
 wednesday
 pugsly
 EOF
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/if-condition-split.expect b/t/chainlint/if-condition-split.expect
index ee745ef8d7..9daf3d294a 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/if-condition-split.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/if-condition-split.expect
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-if bob &&
-   marcia ||
-   kevin
-then
-	echo "nomads" ?!AMP?!
-	echo "for sure"
-fi
+2 if bob &&
+3    marcia ||
+4    kevin
+5 then
+6 	echo "nomads" ?!AMP?!
+7 	echo "for sure"
+8 fi
diff --git a/t/chainlint/if-condition-split.test b/t/chainlint/if-condition-split.test
index 240daa9fd5..9a3b3ed04a 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/if-condition-split.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/if-condition-split.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'if-condition-split' '
 # LINT: "if" condition split across multiple lines at "&&" or "||"
 if bob &&
    marcia ||
@@ -6,3 +7,4 @@ then
 	echo "nomads"
 	echo "for sure"
 fi
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/if-in-loop.expect b/t/chainlint/if-in-loop.expect
index d6514ae749..ff8c60dbdb 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/if-in-loop.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/if-in-loop.expect
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-(
-	for i in a b c
-	do
-		if false
-		then
-			echo "err"
-			exit 1
-		fi ?!AMP?!
-		foo
-	done ?!AMP?!
-	bar
-)
+2 (
+3 	for i in a b c
+4 	do
+5 		if false
+6 		then
+7 			echo "err"
+8 			exit 1
+9 		fi ?!AMP?!
+10 		foo
+11 	done ?!AMP?!
+12 	bar
+13 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/if-in-loop.test b/t/chainlint/if-in-loop.test
index 90c23976fe..5be9d1cfa5 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/if-in-loop.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/if-in-loop.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'if-in-loop' '
 (
 	for i in a b c
 	do
@@ -13,3 +14,4 @@
 	done
 	bar
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/if-then-else.expect b/t/chainlint/if-then-else.expect
index cbaaf857d4..965d7e41a2 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/if-then-else.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/if-then-else.expect
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-(
-	if test -n ""
-	then
-		echo very ?!AMP?!
-		echo empty
-	elif test -z ""
-	then
-		echo foo
-	else
-		echo foo &&
-		cat <<-\EOF
-		bar
-		EOF
-	fi ?!AMP?!
-	echo poodle
-) &&
-(
-	if test -n ""; then
-		echo very &&
-		echo empty
-	fi
-)
+2 (
+3 	if test -n ""
+4 	then
+5 		echo very ?!AMP?!
+6 		echo empty
+7 	elif test -z ""
+8 	then
+9 		echo foo
+10 	else
+11 		echo foo &&
+12 		cat <<-\EOF
+13 		bar
+14 		EOF
+15 	fi ?!AMP?!
+16 	echo poodle
+17 ) &&
+18 (
+19 	if test -n ""; then
+20 		echo very &&
+21 		echo empty
+22 	fi
+23 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/if-then-else.test b/t/chainlint/if-then-else.test
index 2055336c2b..6582a7f440 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/if-then-else.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/if-then-else.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'if-then-else' '
 (
 # LINT: "if", "then", "elif", "else", "fi" do not need "&&"
 	if test -n ""
@@ -27,3 +28,4 @@
 		echo empty
 	fi
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.expect b/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.expect
index 134d3a14f5..b15e00b901 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.expect
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-line 1 \
-line 2 \
-line 3 \
-line 4 &&
-(
-	line 5 \
-	line 6 \
-	line 7 \
-	line 8
-)
+2 line 1 \
+3 line 2 \
+4 line 3 \
+5 line 4 &&
+6 (
+7 	line 5 \
+8 	line 6 \
+9 	line 7 \
+10 	line 8
+11 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.test b/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.test
index d856658083..74a93021eb 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'incomplete-line' '
 # LINT: stitch together all incomplete \-ending lines
 line 1 \
 line 2 \
@@ -10,3 +11,4 @@ line 4 &&
 	line 7 \
 	line 8
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/inline-comment.expect b/t/chainlint/inline-comment.expect
index 6bad218530..0285c0b22c 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/inline-comment.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/inline-comment.expect
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-(
-	foobar && # comment 1
-	barfoo ?!AMP?! # wrong position for &&
-	flibble "not a # comment"
-) &&
-
-(cd foo &&
-	flibble "not a # comment")
+2 (
+3 	foobar && # comment 1
+4 	barfoo ?!AMP?! # wrong position for &&
+5 	flibble "not a # comment"
+6 ) &&
+7 
+8 (cd foo &&
+9 	flibble "not a # comment")
diff --git a/t/chainlint/inline-comment.test b/t/chainlint/inline-comment.test
index 8f26856e77..4fbbf1058a 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/inline-comment.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/inline-comment.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'inline-comment' '
 (
 # LINT: swallow inline comment (leaving command intact)
 	foobar && # comment 1
@@ -10,3 +11,4 @@
 # LINT: "#" in string in cuddled subshell not misinterpreted as comment
 (cd foo &&
 	flibble "not a # comment")
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/loop-detect-failure.expect b/t/chainlint/loop-detect-failure.expect
index a66025c39d..40c06f0d53 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/loop-detect-failure.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/loop-detect-failure.expect
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-git init r1 &&
-for n in 1 2 3 4 5
-do
-	echo "This is file: $n" > r1/file.$n &&
-	git -C r1 add file.$n &&
-	git -C r1 commit -m "$n" || return 1
-done &&
-
-git init r2 &&
-for n in 1000 10000
-do
-	printf "%"$n"s" X > r2/large.$n &&
-	git -C r2 add large.$n &&
-	git -C r2 commit -m "$n" ?!LOOP?!
-done
+2 git init r1 &&
+3 for n in 1 2 3 4 5
+4 do
+5 	echo "This is file: $n" > r1/file.$n &&
+6 	git -C r1 add file.$n &&
+7 	git -C r1 commit -m "$n" || return 1
+8 done &&
+9 
+10 git init r2 &&
+11 for n in 1000 10000
+12 do
+13 	printf "%"$n"s" X > r2/large.$n &&
+14 	git -C r2 add large.$n &&
+15 	git -C r2 commit -m "$n" ?!LOOP?!
+16 done
diff --git a/t/chainlint/loop-detect-failure.test b/t/chainlint/loop-detect-failure.test
index b9791cc802..44673aa394 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/loop-detect-failure.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/loop-detect-failure.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'loop-detect-failure' '
 git init r1 &&
 # LINT: loop handles failure explicitly with "|| return 1"
 for n in 1 2 3 4 5
@@ -15,3 +16,4 @@ do
 	git -C r2 add large.$n &&
 	git -C r2 commit -m "$n"
 done
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.expect b/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.expect
index 7ce3a34806..0f180b08de 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.expect
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-(while test $i -le $blobcount
- do
-	printf "Generating blob $i/$blobcount\r" >&2 &&
-	printf "blob\nmark :$i\ndata $blobsize\n" &&
-	#test-tool genrandom $i $blobsize &&
-	printf "%-${blobsize}s" $i &&
-	echo "M 100644 :$i $i" >> commit &&
-	i=$(($i+1)) ||
-	echo $? > exit-status
- done &&
- echo "commit refs/heads/main" &&
- echo "author A U Thor <author@email.com> 123456789 +0000" &&
- echo "committer C O Mitter <committer@email.com> 123456789 +0000" &&
- echo "data 5" &&
- echo ">2gb" &&
- cat commit) |
-git fast-import --big-file-threshold=2 &&
-test ! -f exit-status
+2 (while test $i -le $blobcount
+3  do
+4 	printf "Generating blob $i/$blobcount\r" >&2 &&
+5 	printf "blob\nmark :$i\ndata $blobsize\n" &&
+6 	#test-tool genrandom $i $blobsize &&
+7 	printf "%-${blobsize}s" $i &&
+8 	echo "M 100644 :$i $i" >> commit &&
+9 	i=$(($i+1)) ||
+10 	echo $? > exit-status
+11  done &&
+12  echo "commit refs/heads/main" &&
+13  echo "author A U Thor <author@email.com> 123456789 +0000" &&
+14  echo "committer C O Mitter <committer@email.com> 123456789 +0000" &&
+15  echo "data 5" &&
+16  echo ">2gb" &&
+17  cat commit) |
+18 git fast-import --big-file-threshold=2 &&
+19 test ! -f exit-status
diff --git a/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.test b/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.test
index 1c6c23cfc9..8b639be073 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'loop-detect-status' '
 # LINT: "$?" handled explicitly within loop body
 (while test $i -le $blobcount
  do
@@ -17,3 +18,4 @@
  cat commit) |
 git fast-import --big-file-threshold=2 &&
 test ! -f exit-status
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/loop-in-if.expect b/t/chainlint/loop-in-if.expect
index 6c5d6e5b24..4e8c67c914 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/loop-in-if.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/loop-in-if.expect
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-(
-	if true
-	then
-		while true
-		do
-			echo "pop" ?!AMP?!
-			echo "glup" ?!LOOP?!
-		done ?!AMP?!
-		foo
-	fi ?!AMP?!
-	bar
-)
+2 (
+3 	if true
+4 	then
+5 		while true
+6 		do
+7 			echo "pop" ?!AMP?!
+8 			echo "glup" ?!LOOP?!
+9 		done ?!AMP?!
+10 		foo
+11 	fi ?!AMP?!
+12 	bar
+13 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/loop-in-if.test b/t/chainlint/loop-in-if.test
index dfcc3f98fb..b0d0d393cf 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/loop-in-if.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/loop-in-if.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'loop-in-if' '
 (
 	if true
 	then
@@ -13,3 +14,4 @@
 	fi
 	bar
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/loop-upstream-pipe.expect b/t/chainlint/loop-upstream-pipe.expect
index 0b82ecc4b9..bef82479ca 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/loop-upstream-pipe.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/loop-upstream-pipe.expect
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-(
-	git rev-list --objects --no-object-names base..loose |
-	while read oid
-	do
-		path="$objdir/$(test_oid_to_path "$oid")" &&
-		printf "%s %d\n" "$oid" "$(test-tool chmtime --get "$path")" ||
-		echo "object list generation failed for $oid"
-	done |
-	sort -k1
-) >expect &&
+2 (
+3 	git rev-list --objects --no-object-names base..loose |
+4 	while read oid
+5 	do
+6 		path="$objdir/$(test_oid_to_path "$oid")" &&
+7 		printf "%s %d\n" "$oid" "$(test-tool chmtime --get "$path")" ||
+8 		echo "object list generation failed for $oid"
+9 	done |
+10 	sort -k1
+11 ) >expect &&
diff --git a/t/chainlint/loop-upstream-pipe.test b/t/chainlint/loop-upstream-pipe.test
index efb77da897..8415a4db27 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/loop-upstream-pipe.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/loop-upstream-pipe.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'loop-upstream-pipe' '
 (
 	git rev-list --objects --no-object-names base..loose |
 	while read oid
@@ -9,3 +10,4 @@
 	done |
 	sort -k1
 ) >expect &&
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/multi-line-nested-command-substitution.expect b/t/chainlint/multi-line-nested-command-substitution.expect
index 300058341b..ad27e43e05 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/multi-line-nested-command-substitution.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/multi-line-nested-command-substitution.expect
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-(
-	foo &&
-	x=$(
-		echo bar |
-		cat
-	) &&
-	echo ok
-) |
-sort &&
-(
-	bar &&
-	x=$(echo bar |
-		cat
-	) &&
-	y=$(echo baz |
-		fip) &&
-	echo fail
-)
+2 (
+3 	foo &&
+4 	x=$(
+5 		echo bar |
+6 		cat
+7 	) &&
+8 	echo ok
+9 ) |
+10 sort &&
+11 (
+12 	bar &&
+13 	x=$(echo bar |
+14 		cat
+15 	) &&
+16 	y=$(echo baz |
+17 		fip) &&
+18 	echo fail
+19 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/multi-line-nested-command-substitution.test b/t/chainlint/multi-line-nested-command-substitution.test
index 300058341b..e811c63f2b 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/multi-line-nested-command-substitution.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/multi-line-nested-command-substitution.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'multi-line-nested-command-substitution' '
 (
 	foo &&
 	x=$(
@@ -16,3 +17,4 @@ sort &&
 		fip) &&
 	echo fail
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/multi-line-string.expect b/t/chainlint/multi-line-string.expect
index 27ff95218e..62c54e3a5e 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/multi-line-string.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/multi-line-string.expect
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-(
-	x="line 1
-		line 2
-		line 3" &&
-	y="line 1
-		line2" ?!AMP?!
-	foobar
-) &&
-(
-	echo "xyz" "abc
-		def
-		ghi" &&
-	barfoo
-)
+2 (
+3 	x="line 1
+4 		line 2
+5 		line 3" &&
+6 	y="line 1
+7 		line2" ?!AMP?!
+8 	foobar
+9 ) &&
+10 (
+11 	echo "xyz" "abc
+12 		def
+13 		ghi" &&
+14 	barfoo
+15 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/multi-line-string.test b/t/chainlint/multi-line-string.test
index 4a0af2107d..7b5048d2ea 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/multi-line-string.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/multi-line-string.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'multi-line-string' '
 (
 	x="line 1
 		line 2
@@ -13,3 +14,4 @@
 		ghi" &&
 	barfoo
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/negated-one-liner.expect b/t/chainlint/negated-one-liner.expect
index ad4c2d949e..a6ce52a1da 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/negated-one-liner.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/negated-one-liner.expect
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-! (foo && bar) &&
-! (foo && bar) >baz &&
-
-! (foo; ?!AMP?! bar) &&
-! (foo; ?!AMP?! bar) >baz
+2 ! (foo && bar) &&
+3 ! (foo && bar) >baz &&
+4 
+5 ! (foo; ?!AMP?! bar) &&
+6 ! (foo; ?!AMP?! bar) >baz
diff --git a/t/chainlint/negated-one-liner.test b/t/chainlint/negated-one-liner.test
index c9598e9153..30f4cc5a9b 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/negated-one-liner.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/negated-one-liner.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'negated-one-liner' '
 # LINT: top-level one-liner subshell
 ! (foo && bar) &&
 ! (foo && bar) >baz &&
@@ -5,3 +6,4 @@
 # LINT: top-level one-liner subshell missing internal "&&"
 ! (foo; bar) &&
 ! (foo; bar) >baz
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-cuddled-subshell.expect b/t/chainlint/nested-cuddled-subshell.expect
index 3836049cc4..0191c9c294 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-cuddled-subshell.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-cuddled-subshell.expect
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-(
-	(cd foo &&
-		bar
-	) &&
-
-	(cd foo &&
-		bar
-	) ?!AMP?!
-
-	(
-		cd foo &&
-		bar) &&
-
-	(
-		cd foo &&
-		bar) ?!AMP?!
-
-	(cd foo &&
-		bar) &&
-
-	(cd foo &&
-		bar) ?!AMP?!
-
-	foobar
-)
+2 (
+3 	(cd foo &&
+4 		bar
+5 	) &&
+6 
+7 	(cd foo &&
+8 		bar
+9 	) ?!AMP?!
+10 
+11 	(
+12 		cd foo &&
+13 		bar) &&
+14 
+15 	(
+16 		cd foo &&
+17 		bar) ?!AMP?!
+18 
+19 	(cd foo &&
+20 		bar) &&
+21 
+22 	(cd foo &&
+23 		bar) ?!AMP?!
+24 
+25 	foobar
+26 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-cuddled-subshell.test b/t/chainlint/nested-cuddled-subshell.test
index 8fd656c7b5..31e92d3be4 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-cuddled-subshell.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-cuddled-subshell.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'nested-cuddled-subshell' '
 (
 # LINT: opening "(" cuddled with first nested subshell statement
 	(cd foo &&
@@ -29,3 +30,4 @@
 
 	foobar
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.expect
index 29b3832a98..70d9b68dc9 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.expect
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
-cat <<ARBITRARY >foop &&
-naddle
-fub <<EOF
-	nozzle
-	noodle
-EOF
-formp
-ARBITRARY
-
-(
-	cat <<-\INPUT_END &&
-	fish are mice
-	but geese go slow
-	data <<EOF
-		perl is lerp
-		and nothing else
-	EOF
-	toink
-	INPUT_END
-
-	cat <<-\EOT ?!AMP?!
-	text goes here
-	data <<EOF
-		data goes here
-	EOF
-	more test here
-	EOT
-
-	foobar
-)
+2 cat <<ARBITRARY >foop &&
+3 naddle
+4 fub <<EOF
+5 	nozzle
+6 	noodle
+7 EOF
+8 formp
+9 ARBITRARY
+10 
+11 (
+12 	cat <<-\INPUT_END &&
+13 	fish are mice
+14 	but geese go slow
+15 	data <<EOF
+16 		perl is lerp
+17 		and nothing else
+18 	EOF
+19 	toink
+20 	INPUT_END
+21 
+22 	cat <<-\EOT ?!AMP?!
+23 	text goes here
+24 	data <<EOF
+25 		data goes here
+26 	EOF
+27 	more test here
+28 	EOT
+29 
+30 	foobar
+31 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.test b/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.test
index f35404bf0f..9505c47a34 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'nested-here-doc' '
 # LINT: inner "EOF" not misintrepreted as closing ARBITRARY here-doc
 cat <<ARBITRARY >foop &&
 naddle
@@ -31,3 +32,4 @@ ARBITRARY
 
 	foobar
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-loop-detect-failure.expect b/t/chainlint/nested-loop-detect-failure.expect
index 3461df40e5..c13c4d2f90 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-loop-detect-failure.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-loop-detect-failure.expect
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
-for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
-do
-	for j in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
-	do
-		echo "$i$j" >"path$i$j" ?!LOOP?!
-	done ?!LOOP?!
-done &&
-
-for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
-do
-	for j in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
-	do
-		echo "$i$j" >"path$i$j" || return 1
-	done
-done &&
-
-for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
-do
-	for j in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
-	do
-		echo "$i$j" >"path$i$j" ?!LOOP?!
-	done || return 1
-done &&
-
-for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
-do
-	for j in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
-	do
-		echo "$i$j" >"path$i$j" || return 1
-	done || return 1
-done
+2 for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
+3 do
+4 	for j in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
+5 	do
+6 		echo "$i$j" >"path$i$j" ?!LOOP?!
+7 	done ?!LOOP?!
+8 done &&
+9 
+10 for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
+11 do
+12 	for j in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
+13 	do
+14 		echo "$i$j" >"path$i$j" || return 1
+15 	done
+16 done &&
+17 
+18 for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
+19 do
+20 	for j in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
+21 	do
+22 		echo "$i$j" >"path$i$j" ?!LOOP?!
+23 	done || return 1
+24 done &&
+25 
+26 for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
+27 do
+28 	for j in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
+29 	do
+30 		echo "$i$j" >"path$i$j" || return 1
+31 	done || return 1
+32 done
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-loop-detect-failure.test b/t/chainlint/nested-loop-detect-failure.test
index e6f0c1acfb..3d4b657412 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-loop-detect-failure.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-loop-detect-failure.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'nested-loop-detect-failure' '
 # LINT: neither loop handles failure explicitly with "|| return 1"
 for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;
 do
@@ -33,3 +34,4 @@ do
 		echo "$i$j" >"path$i$j" || return 1
 	done || return 1
 done
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.expect b/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.expect
index 9138cf386d..f89a8d03a8 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.expect
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-(
-	foo &&
-	(
-		bar &&
-		# bottles wobble while fiddles gobble
-		# minor numbers of cows (or do they?)
-		baz &&
-		snaff
-	) ?!AMP?!
-	fuzzy
-)
+2 (
+3 	foo &&
+4 	(
+5 		bar &&
+6 		# bottles wobble while fiddles gobble
+7 		# minor numbers of cows (or do they?)
+8 		baz &&
+9 		snaff
+10 	) ?!AMP?!
+11 	fuzzy
+12 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.test b/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.test
index 0215cdb192..b430580ce0 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'nested-subshell-comment' '
 (
 	foo &&
 	(
@@ -11,3 +12,4 @@
 	)
 	fuzzy
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-subshell.expect b/t/chainlint/nested-subshell.expect
index 73ff28546a..811e8a7912 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-subshell.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-subshell.expect
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-(
-	cd foo &&
-	(
-		echo a &&
-		echo b
-	) >file &&
-
-	cd foo &&
-	(
-		echo a ?!AMP?!
-		echo b
-	) >file
-)
+2 (
+3 	cd foo &&
+4 	(
+5 		echo a &&
+6 		echo b
+7 	) >file &&
+8 
+9 	cd foo &&
+10 	(
+11 		echo a ?!AMP?!
+12 		echo b
+13 	) >file
+14 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-subshell.test b/t/chainlint/nested-subshell.test
index 440ee9992d..c31da34b73 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-subshell.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-subshell.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'nested-subshell' '
 (
 	cd foo &&
 	(
@@ -11,3 +12,4 @@
 		echo b
 	) >file
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/not-heredoc.expect b/t/chainlint/not-heredoc.expect
index 2e9bb135fe..611b7b75cb 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/not-heredoc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/not-heredoc.expect
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-echo "<<<<<<< ours" &&
-echo ourside &&
-echo "=======" &&
-echo theirside &&
-echo ">>>>>>> theirs" &&
-
-(
-	echo "<<<<<<< ours" &&
-	echo ourside &&
-	echo "=======" &&
-	echo theirside &&
-	echo ">>>>>>> theirs" ?!AMP?!
-	poodle
-) >merged
+2 echo "<<<<<<< ours" &&
+3 echo ourside &&
+4 echo "=======" &&
+5 echo theirside &&
+6 echo ">>>>>>> theirs" &&
+7 
+8 (
+9 	echo "<<<<<<< ours" &&
+10 	echo ourside &&
+11 	echo "=======" &&
+12 	echo theirside &&
+13 	echo ">>>>>>> theirs" ?!AMP?!
+14 	poodle
+15 ) >merged
diff --git a/t/chainlint/not-heredoc.test b/t/chainlint/not-heredoc.test
index 9aa57346cd..09711e45e0 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/not-heredoc.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/not-heredoc.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'not-heredoc' '
 # LINT: "<< ours" inside string is not here-doc
 echo "<<<<<<< ours" &&
 echo ourside &&
@@ -14,3 +15,4 @@ echo ">>>>>>> theirs" &&
 	echo ">>>>>>> theirs"
 	poodle
 ) >merged
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/one-liner-for-loop.expect b/t/chainlint/one-liner-for-loop.expect
index 51a3dc7c54..49dcf065ef 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/one-liner-for-loop.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/one-liner-for-loop.expect
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-git init dir-rename-and-content &&
-(
-	cd dir-rename-and-content &&
-	test_write_lines 1 2 3 4 5 >foo &&
-	mkdir olddir &&
-	for i in a b c; do echo $i >olddir/$i; ?!LOOP?! done ?!AMP?!
-	git add foo olddir &&
-	git commit -m "original" &&
-)
+2 git init dir-rename-and-content &&
+3 (
+4 	cd dir-rename-and-content &&
+5 	test_write_lines 1 2 3 4 5 >foo &&
+6 	mkdir olddir &&
+7 	for i in a b c; do echo $i >olddir/$i; ?!LOOP?! done ?!AMP?!
+8 	git add foo olddir &&
+9 	git commit -m "original" &&
+10 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/one-liner-for-loop.test b/t/chainlint/one-liner-for-loop.test
index 4bd8c066c7..00afd7ef76 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/one-liner-for-loop.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/one-liner-for-loop.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'one-liner-for-loop' '
 git init dir-rename-and-content &&
 (
 	cd dir-rename-and-content &&
@@ -8,3 +9,4 @@ git init dir-rename-and-content &&
 	git add foo olddir &&
 	git commit -m "original" &&
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/one-liner.expect b/t/chainlint/one-liner.expect
index 57a7a444c1..9861811283 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/one-liner.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/one-liner.expect
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-(foo && bar) &&
-(foo && bar) |
-(foo && bar) >baz &&
-
-(foo; ?!AMP?! bar) &&
-(foo; ?!AMP?! bar) |
-(foo; ?!AMP?! bar) >baz &&
-
-(foo "bar; baz")
+2 (foo && bar) &&
+3 (foo && bar) |
+4 (foo && bar) >baz &&
+5 
+6 (foo; ?!AMP?! bar) &&
+7 (foo; ?!AMP?! bar) |
+8 (foo; ?!AMP?! bar) >baz &&
+9 
+10 (foo "bar; baz")
diff --git a/t/chainlint/one-liner.test b/t/chainlint/one-liner.test
index be9858fa29..6e42ee1b5e 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/one-liner.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/one-liner.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'one-liner' '
 # LINT: top-level one-liner subshell
 (foo && bar) &&
 (foo && bar) |
@@ -10,3 +11,4 @@
 
 # LINT: ";" in string not misinterpreted as broken &&-chain
 (foo "bar; baz")
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/p4-filespec.expect b/t/chainlint/p4-filespec.expect
index 1290fd1ff2..cff3e4e3d1 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/p4-filespec.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/p4-filespec.expect
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-(
-	p4 print -1 //depot/fiddle#42 >file &&
-	foobar
-)
+2 (
+3 	p4 print -1 //depot/fiddle#42 >file &&
+4 	foobar
+5 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/p4-filespec.test b/t/chainlint/p4-filespec.test
index 4fd2d6e2b8..8ba6b911dc 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/p4-filespec.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/p4-filespec.test
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+test_expect_success 'p4-filespec' '
 (
 # LINT: Perforce revspec in filespec not misinterpreted as in-line comment
 	p4 print -1 //depot/fiddle#42 >file &&
 	foobar
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/pipe.expect b/t/chainlint/pipe.expect
index 811971b1a3..1bbe5a2ce1 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/pipe.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/pipe.expect
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-(
-	foo |
-	bar |
-	baz &&
-
-	fish |
-	cow ?!AMP?!
-
-	sunder
-)
+2 (
+3 	foo |
+4 	bar |
+5 	baz &&
+6 
+7 	fish |
+8 	cow ?!AMP?!
+9 
+10 	sunder
+11 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/pipe.test b/t/chainlint/pipe.test
index dd82534c66..1af81c243b 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/pipe.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/pipe.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'pipe' '
 (
 # LINT: no "&&" needed on line ending with "|"
 	foo |
@@ -10,3 +11,4 @@
 
 	sunder
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/return-loop.expect b/t/chainlint/return-loop.expect
index cfc0549bef..da8f9abea3 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/return-loop.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/return-loop.expect
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-while test $i -lt $((num - 5))
-do
-	git notes add -m "notes for commit$i" HEAD~$i || return 1
-	i=$((i + 1))
-done
+2 while test $i -lt $((num - 5))
+3 do
+4 	git notes add -m "notes for commit$i" HEAD~$i || return 1
+5 	i=$((i + 1))
+6 done
diff --git a/t/chainlint/return-loop.test b/t/chainlint/return-loop.test
index f90b171300..ea76c3593a 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/return-loop.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/return-loop.test
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+test_expect_success 'return-loop' '
 while test $i -lt $((num - 5))
 do
 # LINT: "|| return {n}" valid loop escape outside subshell; no "&&" needed
 	git notes add -m "notes for commit$i" HEAD~$i || return 1
 	i=$((i + 1))
 done
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/semicolon.expect b/t/chainlint/semicolon.expect
index 3aa2259f36..866438310c 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/semicolon.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/semicolon.expect
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-(
-	cat foo ; ?!AMP?! echo bar ?!AMP?!
-	cat foo ; ?!AMP?! echo bar
-) &&
-(
-	cat foo ; ?!AMP?! echo bar &&
-	cat foo ; ?!AMP?! echo bar
-) &&
-(
-	echo "foo; bar" &&
-	cat foo; ?!AMP?! echo bar
-) &&
-(
-	foo;
-) &&
-(cd foo &&
-	for i in a b c; do
-		echo; ?!LOOP?!
-	done)
+2 (
+3 	cat foo ; ?!AMP?! echo bar ?!AMP?!
+4 	cat foo ; ?!AMP?! echo bar
+5 ) &&
+6 (
+7 	cat foo ; ?!AMP?! echo bar &&
+8 	cat foo ; ?!AMP?! echo bar
+9 ) &&
+10 (
+11 	echo "foo; bar" &&
+12 	cat foo; ?!AMP?! echo bar
+13 ) &&
+14 (
+15 	foo;
+16 ) &&
+17 (cd foo &&
+18 	for i in a b c; do
+19 		echo; ?!LOOP?!
+20 	done)
diff --git a/t/chainlint/semicolon.test b/t/chainlint/semicolon.test
index 67e1192c50..fc0ba1b539 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/semicolon.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/semicolon.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'semicolon' '
 (
 # LINT: missing internal "&&" and ending "&&"
 	cat foo ; echo bar
@@ -23,3 +24,4 @@
 # LINT: semicolon unnecessary but legitimate
 		echo;
 	done)
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/sqstring-in-sqstring.expect b/t/chainlint/sqstring-in-sqstring.expect
index cf0b591cf7..ba5d3c3a6d 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/sqstring-in-sqstring.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/sqstring-in-sqstring.expect
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-perl -e '
-	defined($_ = -s $_) or die for @ARGV;
-	exit 1 if $ARGV[0] <= $ARGV[1];
-' test-2-$packname_2.pack test-3-$packname_3.pack
+2 perl -e '
+3 	defined($_ = -s $_) or die for @ARGV;
+4 	exit 1 if $ARGV[0] <= $ARGV[1];
+5 ' test-2-$packname_2.pack test-3-$packname_3.pack
diff --git a/t/chainlint/sqstring-in-sqstring.test b/t/chainlint/sqstring-in-sqstring.test
index 77a425e0c7..24169724a5 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/sqstring-in-sqstring.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/sqstring-in-sqstring.test
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+test_expect_success 'sqstring-in-sqstring' '
 # LINT: SQ-string Perl code fragment within SQ-string
 perl -e '\''
 	defined($_ = -s $_) or die for @ARGV;
 	exit 1 if $ARGV[0] <= $ARGV[1];
 '\'' test-2-$packname_2.pack test-3-$packname_3.pack
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.expect
index 75d6f607e2..5647500c82 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.expect
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
-(
-	echo wobba \
-	       gorgo snoot \
-	       wafta snurb <<-EOF &&
-	quoth the raven,
-	nevermore...
-	EOF
-
-	cat <<EOF >bip ?!AMP?!
-	fish fly high
-EOF
-
-	echo <<-\EOF >bop
-	gomez
-	morticia
-	wednesday
-	pugsly
-	EOF
-) &&
-(
-	cat <<-\ARBITRARY >bup &&
-	glink
-	FIZZ
-	ARBITRARY
-	cat <<-"ARBITRARY3" >bup3 &&
-	glink
-	FIZZ
-	ARBITRARY3
-	meep
-)
+2 (
+3 	echo wobba \
+4 	       gorgo snoot \
+5 	       wafta snurb <<-EOF &&
+6 	quoth the raven,
+7 	nevermore...
+8 	EOF
+9 
+10 	cat <<EOF >bip ?!AMP?!
+11 	fish fly high
+12 EOF
+13 
+14 	echo <<-\EOF >bop
+15 	gomez
+16 	morticia
+17 	wednesday
+18 	pugsly
+19 	EOF
+20 ) &&
+21 (
+22 	cat <<-\ARBITRARY >bup &&
+23 	glink
+24 	FIZZ
+25 	ARBITRARY
+26 	cat <<-"ARBITRARY3" >bup3 &&
+27 	glink
+28 	FIZZ
+29 	ARBITRARY3
+30 	meep
+31 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.test b/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.test
index d40eb65583..4a38f47f01 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'subshell-here-doc' '
 (
 # LINT: stitch together incomplete \-ending lines
 # LINT: swallow here-doc to avoid false positives in content
@@ -33,3 +34,4 @@ EOF
 	ARBITRARY3
 	meep
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/subshell-one-liner.expect b/t/chainlint/subshell-one-liner.expect
index 8f694990e8..214316c6a0 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/subshell-one-liner.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/subshell-one-liner.expect
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-(
-	(foo && bar) &&
-	(foo && bar) |
-	(foo && bar) >baz &&
-
-	(foo; ?!AMP?! bar) &&
-	(foo; ?!AMP?! bar) |
-	(foo; ?!AMP?! bar) >baz &&
-
-	(foo || exit 1) &&
-	(foo || exit 1) |
-	(foo || exit 1) >baz &&
-
-	(foo && bar) ?!AMP?!
-
-	(foo && bar; ?!AMP?! baz) ?!AMP?!
-
-	foobar
-)
+2 (
+3 	(foo && bar) &&
+4 	(foo && bar) |
+5 	(foo && bar) >baz &&
+6 
+7 	(foo; ?!AMP?! bar) &&
+8 	(foo; ?!AMP?! bar) |
+9 	(foo; ?!AMP?! bar) >baz &&
+10 
+11 	(foo || exit 1) &&
+12 	(foo || exit 1) |
+13 	(foo || exit 1) >baz &&
+14 
+15 	(foo && bar) ?!AMP?!
+16 
+17 	(foo && bar; ?!AMP?! baz) ?!AMP?!
+18 
+19 	foobar
+20 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/subshell-one-liner.test b/t/chainlint/subshell-one-liner.test
index 37fa643c20..dac536afcc 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/subshell-one-liner.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/subshell-one-liner.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'subshell-one-liner' '
 (
 # LINT: nested one-liner subshell
 	(foo && bar) &&
@@ -22,3 +23,4 @@
 
 	foobar
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.expect b/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.expect
index 02f3129232..9e60338bcf 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.expect
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-(
-	chks="sub1
-sub2
-sub3
-sub4" &&
-	chks_sub=$(cat <<TXT | sed "s,^,sub dir/,"
-$chks
-TXT
-) &&
-	chkms="main-sub1
-main-sub2
-main-sub3
-main-sub4" &&
-	chkms_sub=$(cat <<TXT | sed "s,^,sub dir/,"
-$chkms
-TXT
-) &&
-
-	subfiles=$(git ls-files) &&
-	check_equal "$subfiles" "$chkms
-$chks"
-)
+2 (
+3 	chks="sub1
+4 sub2
+5 sub3
+6 sub4" &&
+7 	chks_sub=$(cat <<TXT | sed "s,^,sub dir/,"
+8 $chks
+9 TXT
+10 ) &&
+11 	chkms="main-sub1
+12 main-sub2
+13 main-sub3
+14 main-sub4" &&
+15 	chkms_sub=$(cat <<TXT | sed "s,^,sub dir/,"
+16 $chkms
+17 TXT
+18 ) &&
+19 
+20 	subfiles=$(git ls-files) &&
+21 	check_equal "$subfiles" "$chkms
+22 $chks"
+23 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.test b/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.test
index 02f3129232..1f4f03300f 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 't7900-subtree' '
 (
 	chks="sub1
 sub2
@@ -20,3 +21,4 @@ TXT
 	check_equal "$subfiles" "$chkms
 $chks"
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/token-pasting.expect b/t/chainlint/token-pasting.expect
index 6a387917a7..64f3235d26 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/token-pasting.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/token-pasting.expect
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-git config filter.rot13.smudge ./rot13.sh &&
-git config filter.rot13.clean ./rot13.sh &&
-
-{
-    echo "*.t filter=rot13" ?!AMP?!
-    echo "*.i ident"
-} >.gitattributes &&
-
-{
-    echo a b c d e f g h i j k l m ?!AMP?!
-    echo n o p q r s t u v w x y z ?!AMP?!
-    echo '$Id$'
-} >test &&
-cat test >test.t &&
-cat test >test.o &&
-cat test >test.i &&
-git add test test.t test.i &&
-rm -f test test.t test.i &&
-git checkout -- test test.t test.i &&
-
-echo "content-test2" >test2.o &&
-echo "content-test3 - filename with special characters" >"test3 'sq',$x=.o" ?!AMP?!
-
-downstream_url_for_sed=$(
-	printf "%sn" "$downstream_url" |
-	sed -e 's/\/\\/g' -e 's/[[/.*^$]/\&/g'
-)
+2 git config filter.rot13.smudge ./rot13.sh &&
+3 git config filter.rot13.clean ./rot13.sh &&
+4 
+5 {
+6     echo "*.t filter=rot13" ?!AMP?!
+7     echo "*.i ident"
+8 } >.gitattributes &&
+9 
+10 {
+11     echo a b c d e f g h i j k l m ?!AMP?!
+12     echo n o p q r s t u v w x y z ?!AMP?!
+13     echo '$Id$'
+14 } >test &&
+15 cat test >test.t &&
+16 cat test >test.o &&
+17 cat test >test.i &&
+18 git add test test.t test.i &&
+19 rm -f test test.t test.i &&
+20 git checkout -- test test.t test.i &&
+21 
+22 echo "content-test2" >test2.o &&
+23 echo "content-test3 - filename with special characters" >"test3 'sq',$x=.o" ?!AMP?!
+24 
+25 downstream_url_for_sed=$(
+26 	printf "%sn" "$downstream_url" |
+27 	sed -e 's/\/\\/g' -e 's/[[/.*^$]/\&/g'
+28 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/token-pasting.test b/t/chainlint/token-pasting.test
index b4610ce815..590914b733 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/token-pasting.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/token-pasting.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'token-pasting' '
 # LINT: single token; composite of multiple strings
 git config filter.rot13.smudge ./rot13.sh &&
 git config filter.rot13.clean ./rot13.sh &&
@@ -30,3 +31,4 @@ downstream_url_for_sed=$(
 # LINT: exit/enter string context; "&" inside string not command terminator
 	sed -e '\''s/\\/\\\\/g'\'' -e '\''s/[[/.*^$]/\\&/g'\''
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc-indent.expect b/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc-indent.expect
index 7c30a1a024..f78e23cb63 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc-indent.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc-indent.expect
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-command_which_is_run &&
-cat >expect <<-\EOF ?!UNCLOSED-HEREDOC?! &&
-we forget to end the here-doc
-command_which_is_gobbled
+2 command_which_is_run &&
+3 cat >expect <<-\EOF ?!UNCLOSED-HEREDOC?! &&
+4 we forget to end the here-doc
+5 command_which_is_gobbled
diff --git a/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc-indent.test b/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc-indent.test
index 5c841a9dfd..7ac9d0f7d7 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc-indent.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc-indent.test
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+test_expect_success 'unclosed-here-doc-indent' '
 command_which_is_run &&
 cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 we forget to end the here-doc
 command_which_is_gobbled
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc.expect
index d65e50f78d..51304672cf 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc.expect
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-command_which_is_run &&
-cat >expect <<\EOF ?!UNCLOSED-HEREDOC?! &&
-	we try to end the here-doc below,
-	but the indentation throws us off
-	since the operator is not "<<-".
-	EOF
-command_which_is_gobbled
+2 command_which_is_run &&
+3 cat >expect <<\EOF ?!UNCLOSED-HEREDOC?! &&
+4 	we try to end the here-doc below,
+5 	but the indentation throws us off
+6 	since the operator is not "<<-".
+7 	EOF
+8 command_which_is_gobbled
diff --git a/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc.test b/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc.test
index 69d3786c34..68e78f06f3 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/unclosed-here-doc.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'unclosed-here-doc' '
 command_which_is_run &&
 cat >expect <<\EOF &&
 	we try to end the here-doc below,
@@ -5,3 +6,4 @@ cat >expect <<\EOF &&
 	since the operator is not "<<-".
 	EOF
 command_which_is_gobbled
+'
diff --git a/t/chainlint/while-loop.expect b/t/chainlint/while-loop.expect
index 06c1567f48..5ffabd5a93 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/while-loop.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/while-loop.expect
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-(
-	while true
-	do
-		echo foo ?!AMP?!
-		cat <<-\EOF ?!LOOP?!
-		bar
-		EOF
-	done ?!AMP?!
-
-	while true; do
-		echo foo &&
-		cat bar ?!LOOP?!
-	done
-)
+2 (
+3 	while true
+4 	do
+5 		echo foo ?!AMP?!
+6 		cat <<-\EOF ?!LOOP?!
+7 		bar
+8 		EOF
+9 	done ?!AMP?!
+10 
+11 	while true; do
+12 		echo foo &&
+13 		cat bar ?!LOOP?!
+14 	done
+15 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/while-loop.test b/t/chainlint/while-loop.test
index d09fb016e4..33a201906a 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/while-loop.test
+++ b/t/chainlint/while-loop.test
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+test_expect_success 'while-loop' '
 (
 # LINT: "while", "do", "done" do not need "&&"
 	while true
@@ -17,3 +18,4 @@
 		cat bar
 	done
 )
+'
diff --git a/t/t0600-reffiles-backend.sh b/t/t0600-reffiles-backend.sh
index b2a771ff2b..20df336cc3 100755
--- a/t/t0600-reffiles-backend.sh
+++ b/t/t0600-reffiles-backend.sh
@@ -91,82 +91,82 @@ test_expect_success 'empty directory should not fool 1-arg delete' '
 	git update-ref --stdin
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'non-empty directory blocks create' '
+test_expect_success 'non-empty directory blocks create' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/ne-create &&
 	mkdir -p .git/$prefix/foo/bar &&
 	: >.git/$prefix/foo/bar/baz.lock &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/$prefix/foo/bar/baz.lock" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: there is a non-empty directory $SQ.git/$prefix/foo$SQ blocking reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/foo': there is a non-empty directory '.git/$prefix/foo' blocking reference '$prefix/foo'
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/foo': unable to resolve reference '$prefix/foo'
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $D $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'broken reference blocks create' '
+test_expect_success 'broken reference blocks create' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/broken-create &&
 	mkdir -p .git/$prefix &&
 	echo "gobbledigook" >.git/$prefix/foo &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/$prefix/foo" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: reference broken
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/foo': unable to resolve reference '$prefix/foo': reference broken
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: reference broken
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/foo': unable to resolve reference '$prefix/foo': reference broken
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $D $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'non-empty directory blocks indirect create' '
+test_expect_success 'non-empty directory blocks indirect create' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/ne-indirect-create &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	mkdir -p .git/$prefix/foo/bar &&
 	: >.git/$prefix/foo/bar/baz.lock &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/$prefix/foo/bar/baz.lock" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: there is a non-empty directory $SQ.git/$prefix/foo$SQ blocking reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': there is a non-empty directory '.git/$prefix/foo' blocking reference '$prefix/foo'
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': unable to resolve reference '$prefix/foo'
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $D $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'broken reference blocks indirect create' '
+test_expect_success 'broken reference blocks indirect create' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/broken-indirect-create &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	echo "gobbledigook" >.git/$prefix/foo &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/$prefix/foo" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: reference broken
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': unable to resolve reference '$prefix/foo': reference broken
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: reference broken
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': unable to resolve reference '$prefix/foo': reference broken
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $D $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
 test_expect_success 'no bogus intermediate values during delete' '
 	prefix=refs/slow-transaction &&
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ test_expect_success 'no bogus intermediate values during delete' '
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify --quiet $prefix/foo
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'delete fails cleanly if packed-refs file is locked' '
+test_expect_success 'delete fails cleanly if packed-refs file is locked' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/locked-packed-refs &&
 	# Set up a reference with differing loose and packed versions:
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
@@ -236,9 +236,9 @@ test_expect_success 'delete fails cleanly if packed-refs file is locked' '
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/packed-refs.lock" &&
 	test_must_fail git update-ref -d $prefix/foo >out 2>err &&
 	git for-each-ref $prefix >actual &&
-	test_grep "Unable to create $SQ.*packed-refs.lock$SQ: " err &&
+	test_grep "Unable to create '.*packed-refs.lock': " err &&
 	test_cmp unchanged actual
-'
+EOT
 
 test_expect_success 'delete fails cleanly if packed-refs.new write fails' '
 	# Setup and expectations are similar to the test above.
diff --git a/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh b/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
index 67ebd81a4c..df90112618 100755
--- a/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
+++ b/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ df_test() {
 		printf "%s\n" "delete $delname" "create $addname $D"
 	fi >commands &&
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin <commands 2>output.err &&
-	grep -E "fatal:( cannot lock ref $SQ$addname$SQ:)? $SQ$delref$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$addref$SQ" output.err &&
+	grep -E "fatal:( cannot lock ref '$addname':)? '$delref' exists; cannot create '$addref'" output.err &&
 	printf "%s\n" "$C $delref" >expected-refs &&
 	git for-each-ref --format="%(objectname) %(refname)" $prefix/r >actual-refs &&
 	test_cmp expected-refs actual-refs
 }
 
-test_expect_success 'setup' '
+test_expect_success 'setup' - <<\EOT
 
 	git commit --allow-empty -m Initial &&
 	C=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
@@ -114,283 +114,283 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	D=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	git commit --allow-empty -m Third &&
 	E=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'existing loose ref is a simple prefix of new' '
+test_expect_success 'existing loose ref is a simple prefix of new' - <<\EOT
 
 	prefix=refs/1l &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c e" false "b c/x d" \
-		"$SQ$prefix/c$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c/x$SQ"
+		"'$prefix/c' exists; cannot create '$prefix/c/x'"
 
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'existing packed ref is a simple prefix of new' '
+test_expect_success 'existing packed ref is a simple prefix of new' - <<\EOT
 
 	prefix=refs/1p &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c e" true "b c/x d" \
-		"$SQ$prefix/c$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c/x$SQ"
+		"'$prefix/c' exists; cannot create '$prefix/c/x'"
 
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'existing loose ref is a deeper prefix of new' '
+test_expect_success 'existing loose ref is a deeper prefix of new' - <<\EOT
 
 	prefix=refs/2l &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c e" false "b c/x/y d" \
-		"$SQ$prefix/c$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c/x/y$SQ"
+		"'$prefix/c' exists; cannot create '$prefix/c/x/y'"
 
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'existing packed ref is a deeper prefix of new' '
+test_expect_success 'existing packed ref is a deeper prefix of new' - <<\EOT
 
 	prefix=refs/2p &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c e" true "b c/x/y d" \
-		"$SQ$prefix/c$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c/x/y$SQ"
+		"'$prefix/c' exists; cannot create '$prefix/c/x/y'"
 
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'new ref is a simple prefix of existing loose' '
+test_expect_success 'new ref is a simple prefix of existing loose' - <<\EOT
 
 	prefix=refs/3l &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c/x e" false "b c d" \
-		"$SQ$prefix/c/x$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c$SQ"
+		"'$prefix/c/x' exists; cannot create '$prefix/c'"
 
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'new ref is a simple prefix of existing packed' '
+test_expect_success 'new ref is a simple prefix of existing packed' - <<\EOT
 
 	prefix=refs/3p &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c/x e" true "b c d" \
-		"$SQ$prefix/c/x$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c$SQ"
+		"'$prefix/c/x' exists; cannot create '$prefix/c'"
 
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'new ref is a deeper prefix of existing loose' '
+test_expect_success 'new ref is a deeper prefix of existing loose' - <<\EOT
 
 	prefix=refs/4l &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c/x/y e" false "b c d" \
-		"$SQ$prefix/c/x/y$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c$SQ"
+		"'$prefix/c/x/y' exists; cannot create '$prefix/c'"
 
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'new ref is a deeper prefix of existing packed' '
+test_expect_success 'new ref is a deeper prefix of existing packed' - <<\EOT
 
 	prefix=refs/4p &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c/x/y e" true "b c d" \
-		"$SQ$prefix/c/x/y$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c$SQ"
+		"'$prefix/c/x/y' exists; cannot create '$prefix/c'"
 
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'one new ref is a simple prefix of another' '
+test_expect_success 'one new ref is a simple prefix of another' - <<\EOT
 
 	prefix=refs/5 &&
 	test_update_rejected "a e" false "b c c/x d" \
-		"cannot process $SQ$prefix/c$SQ and $SQ$prefix/c/x$SQ at the same time"
+		"cannot process '$prefix/c' and '$prefix/c/x' at the same time"
 
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents add long + delete short' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents add long + delete short' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-al-ds --add-del foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents add short + delete long' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents add short + delete long' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-as-dl --add-del foo foo/bar
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents delete long + add short' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents delete long + add short' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-dl-as --del-add foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents delete short + add long' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents delete short + add long' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-ds-al --del-add foo foo/bar
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents add long + delete short packed' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents add long + delete short packed' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-al-dsp --pack --add-del foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents add short + delete long packed' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents add short + delete long packed' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-as-dlp --pack --add-del foo foo/bar
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents delete long packed + add short' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents delete long packed + add short' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-dlp-as --pack --del-add foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents delete short packed + add long' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents delete short packed + add long' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-dsp-al --pack --del-add foo foo/bar
-'
+EOT
 
 # Try some combinations involving symbolic refs...
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect add long + delete short' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect add long + delete short' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-ial-ds --sym-add --add-del foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect add long + indirect delete short' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect add long + indirect delete short' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-ial-ids --sym-add --sym-del --add-del foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect add short + indirect delete long' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect add short + indirect delete long' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-ias-idl --sym-add --sym-del --add-del foo foo/bar
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect delete long + indirect add short' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect delete long + indirect add short' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-idl-ias --sym-add --sym-del --del-add foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect add long + delete short packed' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect add long + delete short packed' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-ial-dsp --sym-add --pack --add-del foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect add long + indirect delete short packed' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect add long + indirect delete short packed' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-ial-idsp --sym-add --sym-del --pack --add-del foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents add long + indirect delete short packed' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents add long + indirect delete short packed' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-al-idsp --sym-del --pack --add-del foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect delete long packed + indirect add short' '
+test_expect_success 'D/F conflict prevents indirect delete long packed + indirect add short' - <<\EOT
 	df_test refs/df-idlp-ias --sym-add --sym-del --pack --del-add foo/bar foo
-'
+EOT
 
 # Test various errors when reading the old values of references...
 
-test_expect_success 'missing old value blocks update' '
+test_expect_success 'missing old value blocks update' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/missing-update &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/foo': unable to resolve reference '$prefix/foo'
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks update' '
+test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks update' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/incorrect-update &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/foo': is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'existing old value blocks create' '
+test_expect_success 'existing old value blocks create' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/existing-create &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: reference already exists
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/foo': reference already exists
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "create $prefix/foo $E" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks delete' '
+test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks delete' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/incorrect-delete &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/foo': is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "delete $prefix/foo $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'missing old value blocks indirect update' '
+test_expect_success 'missing old value blocks indirect update' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/missing-indirect-update &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': unable to resolve reference '$prefix/foo'
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks indirect update' '
+test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks indirect update' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/incorrect-indirect-update &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'existing old value blocks indirect create' '
+test_expect_success 'existing old value blocks indirect create' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/existing-indirect-create &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: reference already exists
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': reference already exists
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "create $prefix/symref $E" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks indirect delete' '
+test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks indirect delete' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/incorrect-indirect-delete &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "delete $prefix/symref $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'missing old value blocks indirect no-deref update' '
+test_expect_success 'missing old value blocks indirect no-deref update' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/missing-noderef-update &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: reference is missing but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': reference is missing but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "option no-deref" "update $prefix/symref $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks indirect no-deref update' '
+test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks indirect no-deref update' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/incorrect-noderef-update &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "option no-deref" "update $prefix/symref $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'existing old value blocks indirect no-deref create' '
+test_expect_success 'existing old value blocks indirect no-deref create' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/existing-noderef-create &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: reference already exists
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': reference already exists
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "option no-deref" "create $prefix/symref $E" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
-test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks indirect no-deref delete' '
+test_expect_success 'incorrect old value blocks indirect no-deref delete' - <<\EOT
 	prefix=refs/incorrect-noderef-delete &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref '$prefix/symref': is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "option no-deref" "delete $prefix/symref $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err
-'
+EOT
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/test-lib-functions.sh b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
index 1ea9f31225..fde9bf54fc 100644
--- a/t/test-lib-functions.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
@@ -872,6 +872,24 @@ test_verify_prereq () {
 	BUG "'$test_prereq' does not look like a prereq"
 }
 
+# assign the variable named by "$1" with the contents of "$2";
+# if "$2" is "-", then read stdin into "$1" instead
+test_body_or_stdin () {
+	if test "$2" != "-"
+	then
+		eval "$1=\$2"
+		return
+	fi
+
+	# start with a newline, to match hanging newline from open-quote style
+	eval "$1=\$LF"
+	local test_line
+	while IFS= read -r test_line
+	do
+		eval "$1=\${$1}\${test_line}\${LF}"
+	done
+}
+
 test_expect_failure () {
 	test_start_ "$@"
 	test "$#" = 3 && { test_prereq=$1; shift; } || test_prereq=
@@ -881,9 +899,11 @@ test_expect_failure () {
 	export test_prereq
 	if ! test_skip "$@"
 	then
+		local test_body
+		test_body_or_stdin test_body "$2"
 		test -n "$test_skip_test_preamble" ||
-		say >&3 "checking known breakage of $TEST_NUMBER.$test_count '$1': $2"
-		if test_run_ "$2" expecting_failure
+		say >&3 "checking known breakage of $TEST_NUMBER.$test_count '$1': $test_body"
+		if test_run_ "$test_body" expecting_failure
 		then
 			test_known_broken_ok_ "$1"
 		else
@@ -902,13 +922,15 @@ test_expect_success () {
 	export test_prereq
 	if ! test_skip "$@"
 	then
+		local test_body
+		test_body_or_stdin test_body "$2"
 		test -n "$test_skip_test_preamble" ||
-		say >&3 "expecting success of $TEST_NUMBER.$test_count '$1': $2"
-		if test_run_ "$2"
+		say >&3 "expecting success of $TEST_NUMBER.$test_count '$1': $test_body"
+		if test_run_ "$test_body"
 		then
 			test_ok_ "$1"
 		else
-			test_failure_ "$@"
+			test_failure_ "$1" "$test_body"
 		fi
 	fi
 	test_finish_